The closest relatives

The closest relatives

People, 22 pairs of chromosomes otozom, and X and Y sex chromosomes are a total of 23 pairs of chromosomes. Is the closest animal relatives until 1955, and other human primates such as chimpanzees are thought to have 24 double chromosomes.

In this thesis, Albert Levan and Joe-Hin Tijo'nun new microscopic techniques using expired.

H-human, chimpanzee chromosomes side by side comparison of the C- 

A closer inspection of the human chromosome number 2, which still exists in chimpanzees showed that the merger of two smaller chromosomes. This merger makes us human is one of evolutionary events. At the same time, the human and chimpanzee genome shows 96% similarity türediklerinin separated from a common ancestor 6 million years ago and is an indication that they are closely related.

A core of each of our cells and 22 otozom (autosome) chromosomes are a pair. The roles of sexual selection is Otozom chromosomes. Most readers who read this article you have two sex chromosomes. Females have two X chromosomes. The X chromosomes of the DNA molecule consists of two large approximately 155 million nucleotides in length. Men are different, one of the X chromosomes and one Y chromosomes are smaller. The length of the Y chromosome is only 50 million nucleotides. X chromosome has more than a thousand genes, whereas the poor in terms of the Y chromosome gene (27). Y, X is very small according to (a fifth of the size), although the detection of male eşeyinin and has an important role in the development. However, most men do not know the Y chromosome gradually deteriorates.

X and Y chromosomes of the human genome 

Mammalian Y chromosome, the origin of chromosomes in terms of lifestyle is extremely normal. In fact, the Y chromosome common ancestor of mammals 100 million years ago, today is probably very similar to the X chromosome. But suddenly something has happened to reverse. This is perhaps a change in the regulation of a gene in the Y chromosome or mutation. This mutation has the effect of changing control of mammalian sexual selection. Whatever happened to the male and female role in determining the difference between the fetal development was the switch or changes. Therefore, the Y chromosome began to lose the ability to communicate with other chromosomes. In other words, the Y-chromosome genome has lost the ability to interfere with other chromosomes or double creation. "Re-mix" loss of ability of these chromosomes, genes eliminated the ability of balancing the harmful mutations. Because the "re-mix", the value of an organism's selection of the harmful effects of mutations, chromosome is an effective method of mutual corrections.

Interference decreases, the Y chromosome genes in the genome lost or slipped, or other chromosomes. Thus, the Y chromosome genes in a number of times of thousands of genes in humans, yet only 27 fell. Other mammals, by looking at the number of H kromozomlarındaki gene, we can easily see that the decline in kromozomumuzdaki.

Over time all this is bad news for the Y chromosome, because if the losses continue in this manner, if at the end of the human genome, the Y chromosome will disappear. Gurularından human genetics at Oxford University, Brian Skyes, looking at the current birth rates, this decline in relation to the Y chromosome, 5,000 generations, or about 125,000 per year 99% predict a decrease. Skyes the human genome, masculinity or femininity predicts change detection equipment. Thus, detection of another chromosome, or male eşeyinin will, or the worst possibility for men, masculinity saptanışının the disappearance of the human genome completely exhausted male sex in humans. This bizarre scenario in sexual üreyemeyecekler people, because there will be only the female sex.

We, however, currently have a Y chromosome, and the distribution of populations in the world for our understanding of this chromosome is a powerful instrument.

Source
Human Origins, De Salle & Tattersal, Texas A & M University Press From Evolution Case When: 02:52

March 6, 2009

Observations on the terminology of Evolution

Evolution terminology key phrases

According to Turkish to English vocabulary and the power of expression, especially scientific and technical issues that we all have a weaker malumu. One of the main problems related to the positioning of 'change' about the concept. Evolutionary terminology often take a look at last the following phrases:

Change: The most general definition of change or no change. According to the meaning of content is changing, but mostly instant, spontaneous and / or being used for the quantitative deşiğiklikleri vugulamak. Change in eye color, changes in the genetic sequence, genetic change, the change in allele Frequencies etc.

Variation: Diversity, variation. Properties of the population, mostly among members of the species being used to refer to the observed changes. Is also used to highlight the diversity between species. One of the common mistakes 'diversity,' 'change' or 'changes' translation of that.

Mutation: Mutation. Gene sequences of random and spontaneously encountered genetic changes in basal replace hardware. One of the common mistakes' mutasyon'un 'change' translation of that.

Evolve: evolve. The process of evolution under the cumulative (cumulative) and uyarlanımlı (adaptive) undergo evolutionary changes. Uyarlanımlı of change is very important, because the adaptation (adaptation) without the evolution does not happen.

Adaptation (Wikipedia): adaptation. In a process of natural selection provided a better fit around the creature.

Natural Selection (Understanding Evolution site): Değal selection. Different genotypes in a population, showing that the population differences in gene frequencies will lead to changes in survival or reproduction. One of the common mistakes' natural seçilim'in 'natural selection' translation of that.

As for the definition of Evolution, evolution can be considered as a phenomenon, can be taken as a theory, or as a process that can be handled. Does the philosophy of science or a theory of evolution is a phenomenon that is often the discussions. But I changed the scientific content derived from living organisms evolution simply 'process' meaning to. Because the evolution of the scientific content of a 'process' (process) being the most obvious and important feature of his property.

Come take a look at Understanding Evolution site you'd like to know:

Evolution (Understanding Evolution site): Evolution. The simplest definition of biological evolution, varied derived. The definition and evolution of small-scale (ie, gene frequencies within a population (*) to change from generation to generation) and the evolution of large-scale (ie the generation interval of the passing of a very different species from a common ancestor türemesini) covers.

(*) Please note: In fact, 'gene frequency' rather than the 'allele frequency' to use the more accurate description, but there are some problems with this semantics, I will again in the future to this issue.

Allele (Understanding Evolution site): Allele. One of the different versions of a gene locus. The same locus in different individuals may have different alleles in a population. For example, the locus that determines the color of the yellow color of pea green color of the allele or alleles that can be found. At the same locus different alleles are often separated by large and small letters (for example, such as Y and y alleles).

Frequency of gene expression related to the semantic problems

First, if you take a look at the definition of modern Sentez'in evolution:

"Evolution of the population allele frequencies between the change of generations."

or

"Evolution is the change from one generation to the population gene pool allele frequencies."

This last is a common definition of scientific literature and dictionaries. Of course 100% correct, but a little more technical and difficult to understand for an ordinary reader seems to me a definition.

An interesting point is that the University of California, prepared by the Understanding Evolution site is actually a translation of the main text, that is, for access to a wide audience. Caught my attention, perhaps too technical for kaçmamak 'allele frequency' rather than 'gene sıklıklarındaki' talk about the changes. Allele frequency of 'modern synthesis' strongly emphasizes and technically more accurate statement, but the upper stage of the modern synthesis of a issue, so perhaps the concept of allele-forward (advanced) can be activated at some stage he may have thought.

Dear readers,

So far, thank you very much indeed for your interest in my blog.

During the month of March , "Understanding Evolution" site, I'll be trying to help friends who may be a reduction in the frequency of Evolution Olgusu'ndaki my messages, I hope you for your understanding.

"Understanding Evolution" is really a very important study. To answer the question marks in the minds of human evolution that may occur on the street, factual, objective and scientific transfer.

Please follow the painstaking work of this, please notify your spouse dostunuzu. Theory of evolution, science, light yaymamıza please help ..

Sağlıcakla thick and not go somewhere, do not, evolution will continue on the current developments in the messages are not interesting.

Sincerely Yours, and

Aragon Toscana

Natural selection is common to what extent?

One of the simplest questions biologists ask about natural selection, would be interesting, the answer given is one of the most difficult ones. Natural selection, the formation of a genetic change in the general population to what extent is responsible? Most of the physical properties of natural selection of living things is a serious suspicion that there's nobody there - beak, biceps, large-scale features, such as the formation of the brain there is another reasonable explanation.However, natural selection, the changes at the molecular level on the role of directing serious doubts on the degree of activity was heard. I wonder that occur in DNA over millions of years of evolutionary change-other than a process-how much is directed by natural selection?

Arrive until the 1960s, biologists from the response to this question, "almost all" has been, but Japanese researchers Motoo Kimura, a group led by population geneticist, sharply challenged this view. Kimura-environmental conditions to increase the frequency of a feature initially rare "positive" does not affect natural selection-often argued that molecular evolution. However, Kimura, populations or high frequencies of permanent genetic mutations, almost all of the selection in terms of reaching the "neutral" is, that this or that said there was a significant influence on the selection value (Naturally, they continue to occur at a higher rate of harmful mutations, but for not achieving at high frequencies in the population, in evolutionary terms sondurlar predicament.) Current environmental conditions, neutral mutations are essentially invisible, such changes, compile time, greatly changing the genetic, population evolve unnoticed in a quiet manner.

By the 1980s a lot of evolutionary geneticist "neutral mutation" theory had been accepted. However, the data on this theory often dolaylıydı; more directly lacked the critical tests. Two separate development that helped to solve the problem. First, population geneticists, genome neutral changes, a simple statistical tests for the purpose of distinguishing those who have developed compatible. Second, new technology has made it possible to sort the entire genome of many species, so that large amounts of data acquired in this statistical test was applied. New Data "neutral mutations" theory, dropped it into the wild showed the importance of natural selection.

Drosophila melanogaster 

University of California, Davis, David J. Begun and Charles H. One made by a team led by Langley's research , according to two fruit fly species belonging to the class of Drosophila DNA sequences were compared. Scientists have studied both species approximately 6,000 genes, and since the two species from a common ancestor ıraksadığından, which found that the genes was leaving. By applying a statistical test, at least 19% of 6,000 genes that revealed the neutral evolution, in other words, natural selection, evolutionary ıraksamasını yönlendirmişti one fifth of the genes examined (the statistical test applied by "moderate" (conservative), so the actual rate may be higher .) This is a trivial result of evolution does not offer unbiased-ie, the remaining 81% of genes may be genetic sürüklenmeyle ıraksamış. But natural selection, most "neutral mutations" theorist sanısının In contrast, species ıraksamasında prove that a greater role.

Resources
Scientific American: http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=testing-natural-selection
Drosophila Population Genomics Project

Western Australian Institute for Medical Research is a new trial (WAIMR), a young researcher, the complex structure of the human genome has brought clarity.

12 February 2009, "Molecular Cell", this new research published in the online site, covering the human genome sequence opened the curtain of a mystery - 98% of our DNA is the purpose?

The two research teams in the United States under a co-operation, WAIMR'dan Dr Archa Fox - an unknown reason, and in most gemomun - do not make the RNA encoding a unique set of functionality.

Fox, "a non-coding RNA, the 'Neat1'in, and important in every cell that acts as a repository çokbeneklerin ( paraspeckles ) discovered that the structural foundation. " he said.



"The human genome map is removed, only 2%, 25,000 units had been a big surprise to understand protein-coding genes is occurring. However, this alone we are cutting 2% of people açıklayamıyordu complex structure, the remaining 98% cut, if the protein yapmıyorsa What served to? study, an RNA encoding does not make the 'Neat1'in focused on the purpose, and have found that creating the structure of this RNA çokbeneklerin role. "

In 2002, Dr. Fox is a function of the cell in the nucleus and a tank-like "çokbenekleri" finds the first science-lion, çokbenekler proteins are important for the building materials store, so that when a command cells, secreted materials more efficiently, and faster production of proteins provided.

Çokbenekler, cells which proteins to be made for more rigorous supervision, and a protein in cells that need them, the realization of the process provided a method of saving the cells for 25 minutes. If you need to make an analogy çokbenekler, the cache memory of the computer's central processing unit (CPU cache) is like. So, like a cache of creative coding RNA, such as trying to unused.

Unlike coding genes do not make the RNA and protein molecules that do not help the production. Thanks to this new research, coding, do not make the RNA, just like proteins, that help to build important parts of the cell as part of a constructive davranabildiğini have learned.

Resources
Machines Like Us: http://machineslikeus.com/news/what-purpose-98-cent-our-dna
Molecular Cell: http://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/abstract/S1097-2765 (09) 00070-7

February 21, 2009

Steven Scherer and 223 genes

Google "Steven Scherer," + 223 I do a research, dozens of creationist page appears. The source of the journal Nature, published in February 2001, "Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome" (starting dizgilenmesi and analysis of the human genome), an article by. In this article, "The International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium," (International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium) has been prepared by. Steven Scherer, this consortium is just one of dozens of scientists.

Subsequently put forward controversial subject of the article "probable horizontal transfer" (Possible horizontal transfer) are covered under the title (see page 42/62.) Under this heading, the human genome, very similar to proteins found in bacteria but not seen in invertebrates that 223 pieces of the protein is detected being. A more detailed analysis, this protein synthesis 113'ünün genes in bacteria is a common, multi-celled, but had discovered the only vertebrates suggests.In this paper, these findings as a possible cause of horizontal gene transfer from bacteria to people, a transition in the opposite direction is more likely to be stressed.

Okay so far in such a scientific study of how the Creationists material is the subject of this section is really interesting.

At this stage a person is eccentric to the stage by Zacharia Sitchin. Zecharia Sitchin (d.1922), a writer of books describing the people astronotlarla alien origin.Sitchin, "Annunaki" (or "Nephilim") called for the creation of an ancient Sumerian culture, Solar System, the unseen aliens from the planet Nibiru long and is based on an elliptical orbit circulating suggests. Sitchin'in these opinions as natural scientists, archaeologists and historians yalanlanıyor.

Sitchin "The Case of Adam's alien genes" (the subject of Adam alien genes) in an article by the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, 223 found by the original gene, genomic evolutionary tree does not belong to any type of horse says, and as a result of these genes Adam argues that the human species began passing by aliens. Sitchin'in creationists and intelligent designers find this message, blogs, and sites in the issue immediately by moving the event that the bankruptcy of evolutionary theory and human evolution dayandırıyorlar is designed independently.

Easily escape from the eyes detail in this case is an interesting contrast to the claim that the Sitchin'in the original article, a consortium of people that is almost impossible to emphasize that bacterial gene transfer. The article in question from bacteria to human genes is more likely to be emphasized in the past. Thus, even this "alien" to human gene directly contradicts his saçmalığıyla a proposition directly.

After publication in the journal Nature, some researchers will compare a comprehensive data base for the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium is not controversial, he cited the results. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium nearly three months after publication, in May 2001, Rockville, Maryland, "The Institute for genomic Research (TIGR)" (Institute for Genomic Research), says a new study. Researchers during the evolution of bacteria by human beings as a relative (if the elapsed) showed very few genes may be in the past. Human, according to analysis of the genomes of bacteria and invertebrates, vertebrates gene in less than 50 people, in a certain period during the evolution of bacteria in the past may be, towards the end of an article published in Science Express, the magazine reported in May 2001.

Researchers have none of these genes directly from bacteria to human being is not possible in the past, whereas some proteins in bacteria are found only in humans and no pretense to be the cause of these genes in invertebrates and invertebrates due to mutations in the human and bacterial genes with saptanamaması announced.

Steven L. TIGR'de head of bioinformatics Salzberg "My friends and I have therefore called for transfer in humans of a bacterial gene could not find any. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, using the data described by 41, according to the Celera data, we found the 46 genes shared by humans and bacteria but did not find these genes in invertebrates crawl," he says, and adds, "But we can not claim that this passage of horizontal gene sharing."

In nature, horizontal transfer of genes between species is a phenomenon well-documented. Other bacteria, the bacteria can pass the gene, and also of human cells and organelles mitochondria were once free-living bacteria and in this way people spent their genes.

However, many evolutionary biologists, the way bacteria could pass genes in vertebrates say there is a strong evidence. Therefore, the Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, more than a hundred human proteins "pre-vertebrates or vertebrate species, from bacteria are passed horizontally" in the journal Nature was the big news proposition.

TIGR broadcast, horizontal transition is at least a huge exaggeration, and this thesis showed that it is possible to being completely wrong. On the other hand, no bacteria in vertebrates is currently impossible to prove whether the genes in the past. Instead, TIGR researchers, the available genomic data of the Nature article, tried to support the original description.

As authors of the Nature article, TIGR researchers also unusual species 'distribution traces' bioinformatics tools used to search for. This strategy involved the detection of sequences similar to different types. Salzberg "Array gereçtir strong resemblance, but must be very careful when using," he continues, "Similarity of two proteins is possible that a common ancestor and shows that the functioning of proteins similar to, but does not say when they left."

TIGR'den Jonathan Eisen, says this approach is effective but is often misleading. Unusual distribution traces, or the fact that the loss of existing genes, but as recognition kayıpmış seem to be mutated may be due. Eisen, "the greatest evolutionary problem of the original study, the loss of genes that invertebrate varsaymasıdır" he said, and "the loss is very common, especially in small genomes gene studies have hundreds if not thousands of envisioning" he added.

Accuracies misleading way to a World Cup qualifier, more data bulundurmaktır example. According to the publication Nature, the human genome predicted protein sequences of four invertebrate sequence and the arrays were compared with other invertebrate eukaryotes. These four invertebrate species, yeast, worms, flies and Arabidopsis plants, respectively.

The other hand, TIGR data set, open to the public genomic data, including hundreds of invertebrate species found partial genes, almost all involved. Researchers "Nature reported the team is not the original set of genes, 21 tenesinin sponge invertebrates, soybeans, and marine invertebrate organisms were detected as the parent," announced. Salzberg, "where you can only omitted the result is that the initial study of these genes," he said. Therefore, the re-analysis, the number of genes in the human gene was detected bacteria is said, to compare the human genome is dependent on how many invertebrates have shown that the genome scanned.

Researcher says Eisen, "The origin of the human genome of bacteria had been having a few hundred genes, even if the human genome has 25,000 genes, ie, Nature of a billion years to 600 million during the race the team entered the vertebrate can be found which would have been a part of one per cent of the genome", and adds, "To tell you the truth, this number is a number that is not so interesting."

So what happened to Steven Scherer'e, you know, use Google search on the name of Nature in the crew area, and the creationist blogs, forums, viewed through the eyes of the hero that he could ask the scientist is irrelevant. According to legend, Steven Scherer, Zacharia Sitchin'e croaker, about 223 genes, "It is a jump that's not does follow current evolutionary Theories", ie, "current theories of evolution in a noncontiguous jump" found in the interpretation. We had a language that no bones! Now I do regret dediklerinden probably due to a thousand.

Resources

Nature 409, 860-921 (15 February 2001)
Dizgilenmesi and analysis of the human genome since
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v409/n6822/full/409860a0.html

Genome News Network, TIGR Survey
http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/05_01/Gene_transfer.shtml 

The alien genes of Adam, Zacharia Sitchin
http://www.sitchin.com/adam.htm 

Richard Dawkins - The Greatest Show on Earth

D ININ ORIGIN

"Time, effort, pain and secrecy surrounding religious rite that requires a side of crap all over the world, an evolutionary psychologist of religion for the most obvious signs of human beings in any way sağlayamayacağının harmony."
MARKKOHEN 

D ARWİNİZM orders 

D ININ originated from, and why everyone in the adoption by every civilization its own, has a favorite theory. This idea gives solace and peace of mind. Revitalize communities in the sense of togetherness. Varolduğumuzun satisfies the desire to understand why. All of them will soon be a description, but the issue gained particular priority for the reasons I want to log in with a question: Darwinian natural selection query.

Being aware that we are products of Darwinian evolution, or the pressures of natural selection pressure to urge religion must ask ourselves what is going on originally. This question is standardized titles than in Darwin's economy is inevitable. Religion is a very wasteful and so ölçüsüzdür Darwinian selection and continuity of supply during the process identifies and eliminates waste. Nature is a miserly accountant, just like almost a penny makes account. Waste of time and all kinds of hard and mercilessly punish the arms delicately. As explained by Darwin's' natural selection, every change in every day and every hour of the entire world, even if one takes into account even the weak, evil brings decay, protects all that is beautiful and extracts all of the development of organic beings, wherever and whatever quiet time to catch an opportunity to take on tasks and cruel. " If a wild animal as a permanent exhibit an unnecessary action, for the protection of natural selection, the continuity of life and reproduction of this animal, sift, time and energy to evaluating the competitors the chance to recognize verimlice. Enjoy the games do not tolerate frivolous nature. Devoid of compassion in our eyes every second, every moment çarpmasa utilitarianism (utilitarianizm) ötmektedir pipe.

On the other hand, the tail of a peacock bird with a perfectly fun game on display. Provide a benefit to the owner of the queue is very clear about survival. Contains genes that separates it from its competitors, but more modest. The tail is actually an ad that takes place and females cezbederek economy of nature. The same applies, to a bower bird of time and effort he dedicated çardağına applies: it is, grass, twigs, colored fruits, flowers and sometimes shin, beads, and a kind of soda pop covers additional kuyruktur. Or as an example of a prominent ad had nothing to do 'ant bath nu Consider this extraordinary habits of birds, such as Jay in a way, the ant nest' bathe 'the hairs on the ants or to apply. Ant bath benefit anyone undecided about what this might be a kind of hygiene, to provide a technique for cleansing the feathers of parasites, on the subject, but there are various other assumptions that no evidence supported a robust one. But on the details of this instability, at least one bath for Darwinizmcileri ant 'provided' confident assumptions that deter be in (and must not place too.) This merger can be a common sense issue, but the logic of Darwinism, "if such an action sergilemeselerdi birds, this statistical probabilities of genetic success would hurt, "he underlines a special reason. Moreover, the exact direction of the damage we're not yet even discovered. Darwinizmci result of two things comes from the observation that the time and energy wastage of natural selection, ruthlessly punishing the other hand, birds, ants continuously spend bath time. If this' adaptive 'principle if we want to hear a one-sentence summary, the Harvard geneticist Richard Lewontin outstanding promise to ramble (preferred terms should be considered a little harsh and exaggerated):' I think I agree with all the evolutionists have had to have a point, and this, of an organism its really impossible to produce a better work environment, work is that it produces. " If you ant to survive and reproduce on behalf of the bath without the benefit of the absolute, natural selection would have been a very long time before this action ayıklamış cautious creatures. Darwinizmci may adapt the same interpretation of a religion which, essentially a necessity for our discussion here.

To an evolutionist, religious rites, 'in a sunny area, such as peacocks wandering eye crash' (Dan Dennett'in expression.) Religious attitudes, as evident due to the ant bath or arbor imalinin insanoğlundaki. Is a waste of time, energy, waste, and generally as a paradise feathers excessively şatafatlıdır Kuşu'nun. Religion, religious, such as this can damage the lives of individuals, may damage the lives of others. Due to certain kinds of allegiance to a religion that attracted thousands of people tortured. Story, a piece of the past in many different, alternative beliefs yobazlarca torture fanatic who was awarded adopted. Religion sometimes can be very rich sources bitiriverir a snap. Used as residential or never will serve any useful purpose, it may take centuries, the construction of a medieval cathedral. Is this a kind of architectural peacock's tail? If so, the ad is for whom? Sacred music and religious pictures are usually the monopoly of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance style.Devout people have died and killed for the gods, whip their backs bloody wounds, or eternal life in chastity vows for the sake of tranquility and religious service on behalf of all of them say that. They may need to do this? What is the benefit of religion?

'Benefit' words, Darwinism actually increase genes that affect the duration of survival benefit implies. Es important point on the individual organism's genes geçmemeliyiz not limited to that area Darwinizmci benefits. The goal of this benefit, there are three possible alternatives. The first group selection (group selection) theory, and it is due to come soon. The second objective is the Extended Pbenotype'ta (spanned phenotype) arises from theory to defend: the observation under the under the influence of individual genes in another individual's genes can be powerful, perhaps a parasite genes. Us, Dan Dennett, colds, just like religion is universal for all people, but this is the benefit of söyleyemeyeceğimizi reminds us of the virus. Contained within the constitution of the parasite to another example of many animals are pushed to act to keep splashing the dish. This issue 'spread fenotipin1 basic theory' work I have summarized by: 'An animal behavior, the behavior "of the" survival of the genes tend to keep longer. These genes exhibit this behavior, whether or not belonging to a particular animal's body. "

The third sub-heading 'basic theory', 'gene' is a generic term than the term 'replikatör' with the change. Heryerdeliği religion, religion creates the impression that most likely provides a benefit, but this benefit, we can not be over or genes. Perhaps, just as religious as a replikatör genlerinkine propagates in a similar way, only süregelmesine religious views may have made money. This later 'Calm down, I walk on Menilerimin' under the heading I will. At the same time, more traditional interpretations of Darwinism, where I will review the 'benefit' refers to benefits for individual survival and reproductive ability.

Australian natives such as the hunter - gatherer tribes of people who probably live in a similar way to the remote lifestyle of our ancestors. Kim Sterelny New Zealand and Australian philosopher of science, a striking tribal yaşantısındaki tezata finger prints. Under favorable conditions, the capabilities of the natives is an excellent way too sınandığı 'stay right. " Sterelny, continues the description, but we can be smart enough to use his mind in a bad way. Are quite knowledgeable about the natural world and the right to stay in spite of serious challenges to overcome, these people can come masterfully, collectively fill the minds of beliefs that are clearly wrong for these beliefs 'useless' I mean the problem of actually reducing it to simplistic generously. Sterelny, natives of Papua New Gineli recognizes himself. These people are from the harsh conditions of food difficult, 'the understanding of biological environment in the legendary continue to live. However, these conceptions about the female menstrual pollution and profound and destructive obsessions harmanlarlar magic. Most of the local civilizations, magic and witch fear and suffer the accompanying violence. " Sterelny invites us to ask ourselves the question, 'How do both at the same time We become very clever and very stupid?

Every civilization throughout the world vary in the details, time, health and leads to waste of power and provoke the hostility of the rituals stipulating, in addition to these unrealistic fantasies harmful ideas and creativity that impedes the belief that nature has a bearing. Some educated individuals may be waived adopting religious but often had to make an informed decision to give up every one of the religious were grown in a culture. Former Northern Ireland joke, 'Yeah, but you're not a Protestant or Catholic atheist atheist? " reflects the fact that very sharp. Religious behavior, just as heterosexual behavior can be considered as a universal trend.Both may contain exceptions to the generalization of individual persons, but all of this exception policy is in fact just the meaninglessness of caydıkları sezmişlerdir very good. Universal characteristics of a species ultimately requires an explanation of Darwinism.

Clearly, there is a difficulty to explain the benefits of Darwinian sexual behavior. This baby is about to make, or birth control, homosexuality, conflict creates special circumstances may seem. Why do people fasting, prayer makes, begs, whips itself, the wall in front of a wildly up and down an imposing force he shakes his head, fights or yıpratan life, even in extreme cases, terminate the life, performs the actions you are expensive? 

The obvious benefits of D ININ 

Beliefs of people in the direction of stress-related diseases, protect the weak D insel There is no evidence. The evidence is not strong, but in rare cases the treatment works, the logic of suggesting it şaşırmayabilirdik starting out, of course, if you were real. This is the real value of such beneficial effects of religion in no way claims there is no need to add yükseltmeyeceğini hope. George Bernard Shaw's words, 'It is a inançlının a happier view of the septic tanks, a drunk in a detection of a ayıktan accurate up to the view that people are not happy. " 

A doctor can provide patients with some suggesting a benefit and trust, creates a refresher. This assessment can be made without thinking a bit on the situation. My doctor does not apply to the letter inspirational treatment. However, many times, some 'minor' diseases, stethoscope around his neck to a refreshing sound with an intelligent expression of the confidence at a time 'have been treated. " * The effect of placebo medication sufficiently documented and can not say that it is very mysterious. Counterfeit pills are not in any way with the pharmacological effects, visibly correct the health. For this reason, double-blind drug tests, this placebo-controlled machinery must use drugs. And the same reason, homoepatik treatments seems useful. Moreover, the same amount of drugs used in the control placebo-active substances are active there, was thought to be quite ineffective, ie zero-molecule drugs. By the way, some lawyers, doctors used to give the extension of the field because of damage to the doctors now, typical applications, placebo, prescription drugs are now shrink from writing. In addition, the bureaucracy, forced doctors to identify patients who could benefit from the placebo medication bırakabilmektedir written notes that this practice will undoubtedly damage the treatment.(Patients received placebo, the drug is bilmemelidir, knows not the meaning of the placebo effect is a process for sağlanmayacağı.) Homoeopatlar treatment may offer a more successful because unlike orthodox practitioners, we still have the authority to use placebo drugs, but under a different name. In addition, patients homoeopatlar allocate more time to chat, and so people can design a simple treatment. On the other hand, patients taking blood loss incurred in such an effective contrast to orthodox medical practices, offering easy and painless treatment homoeopati first time long past, had won the reputation among the people by chance. 

Is religion a placebo that extends life by reducing stress? This is possible, but this theory is that religion, rather than reducing the stress provoked heavy criticism from numerous skeptics situation underlines the need to remain exposed. For example, any disease, under normal intelligence and common weaknesses that afflicted Katoliği'nin a novel, semi-cured hard to believe that the effect of a constant fear of death. Maybe just to talk about Catholics may be unfairly. American comedian Cathy Ladman an opinion on the subject he declares, 'All religions are the same basically listens to the different holy days, as well as günahkârlıktır. " In any case, the placebo theory of universal religious phenomenon widely prevalent enough to think it will come. Our logic, I do not think religion is to reduce the stress of our ancestors. This theory assumed a support role, although this issue is small. Religion is a great description of the phenomenon and requires a larger theory. 

Other theories of Darwinian explanations altogether ıskalarlar main idea. 'Religion, the universe and our place in the universe responds to issues merakımıza' or 'religion Blanker suggestions such as' talking about the allegations. As we shall see in Chapter 10, for that matter may be psychological, but a real Darwinian explanation has to do it. Just as Steven Pinker'ın, Mind How İşler'de a sarcastic style has mentioned the theory of suggestion, such as: 'The theory suggesting that only reveals the following question: why peace of mind to evolve to find beliefs that are clearly wrong? Cold, a man, believing that peace receive the warm, a man came up against a lion, a rabbit rahatlatamaz believing that the inside of. " Suggesting that at least in theory, be translated into terms of Darwinism and make it harder than you think. Psychological descriptions of some of the beliefs that people are pleasant or unpleasant decommissioning, contrary to popular belief, not based on a vague explanations. 

Darwinciler, with a vague description is based on the difference between those who give much importance. An internal combustion engine cylinders offered a vague description of the explosion, will mark the spark plug wire. Based explanation, the purpose for which the explosion takes care of tasarlandığıyla: activation of the piston within the cylinder and crank shaft to rotate at the same time. Because religion is a vague, the brain can be defined as a specific boğumundaki hyperactivity. In the brain of a 'god center' neurological opinion because there are not support any questions vaguely kaybetmemeliyim time. My goal is not a diss. For a discussion of how we believe Corey Michael Shermer'in: Seeking God's book, I recommend an Age of Science, this book is imaginary, temporary lobe epilepsy related to religious experiences, Michael Persinger and others claiming to be full of ideas. 

However, the main goal in this section are statements of Darwinian logic fed. Nörobilimciler in the brain of a 'god center' keşfetseler even if, like me Darwinizmci scientists, though it tends to want to find out whether the pressure of natural selection, our ancestors from the brains of those with a tendency to genetic cause of creating a god of its competitors not have access to the center of the large number of grandchildren, the right had ? Darwinism-based query, a query is neurological a vague query, what better, more deeply what a query is a query nor a more scientific. But I'll take my review is a question here. 

Political statements such as these do not satisfy the Darwinciler; 'by cutting the lower part of the dominant religion is a tool used to restrain. " Black slaves in America were suggesting that a promise of another life is an undeniable fact. This way of life in towns hoşnutsuzlukları broadcast, and this benefited the slave owners.Religions, by deliberate design to cynical priests or rulers is an interesting question, and therefore that historians should give ear. However, this is not actually a question of Darwinism. Darwinism, and why people are vulnerable to appeal directly to the priests of religion, politicians, and kings to wonder if they are open to abuse. 

A falsifier cynical, use it as an instrument of political power of sexual lust, but Darwinism is still a description of how it works it will need. Response to the issue of sexual lust is quite simple: because our brains work with a system that will take pleasure sex sexuality, natural conditions, it produces a baby. Use of torture in order to achieve a political falsifier. Darwinism might be effective at this point to explain why torture should provide, severe pain will do almost anything to protect them why? Banality of the problem is that the border issue in detail, but still lit Darwinism: natural selection, the perception of pain, living with the threat of bodily harm as a sign that we identified and programmed to avoid. Rare individuals who do not feel bitter, or does not care about the pain usually die at an early age were injured.We now learn from the rest, we'll assign a step back to avoid pain. Want to ridicule the people, whether you declare arbitrary dhcp.templates, ultimately God is the desire to express what? 

Group selection

G RUP selection 

Ome-based descriptions of so-called 'group selection' theory has emerged (or already öylelerdi.) Group selection, Darwinian selection, indicating that selection among groups of species, or live in a controversial opinion. Thanks to a kind of group selection Cambridge'li archaeologist Colin Renfrevv Christianity claims that the right remains. Group selection in the light of this vision, commitment to intra-group or intra-group feeding the love of friendship and religious groups in this situation a lot less than the chances of survival recognized religious groups. American pioneer of the idea of group selection DSWilson, independently of Darwin's Cathedral, a claim that suggested a similar but more detailed.

In order to understand what it looks like the theory of selection of a religious group made up now, here's an example. A highly contentious structure 'god of war,' a tribe worships the gods to promote peace and harmony does not believe in a god or win all the battles against rival tribes. Düştüklerinde killed in battle, fighting bravely for believing in the unshakable warriors to go straight to heaven they willingly sacrificed their lives. So with this kind of religious tribes, intertribal warfare environment to remain standing, defeated the tribe to take their wives and are more likely to play at his cattle. Such successful tribes tribes adopted by leaps and bounds and produce more of this kid, son of the tribe of tribes to come up and they all worship the same god of the tribe. In the meantime, the group adopted the opinion that derives groups, forming clusters of bees, just like a beehive, is not unreasonable. Anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon, a famous work 'map of the villages has derived from this kind of hot İnsanlar'da, South America Yanomamö'sü Forest.

Chagnon is not a supporter of a group selection, I like that. There are horrible drawbacks. Contrary to the selection of a group of supporters, walk away too much of this book, the main route for moving away from beloved galloping beats Tangent'e sakınmalıyım ride. Some biologists örneğimdeki god of war with the true group selection, but their deyimleriyle again with a group more closely examined, selection or kin selection altruism becomes the opposite of a concept that reveal a snarl.(Refer to Section 6.)

We, the selection küçümseyenler group, in principle, it might be possible to declare. The real question is whether significant impact on evolution. In this regard, lower levels seçilimle kapıştırıldığında (group seçiliminin enough to constitute an explanation for the development of individual self-sacrifice, etc.) are likely to be stronger than the effect on the evolution of low-level selection. Pure tribe, a single warrior to consider personal interests and those aspiring to be a martyr for the warrior tribe, to go straight to heaven as a reward in return for the fighters believed to be the dominant member of a military matter.

As a result of cessation of the war to protect itself a little behind, likely to be on the winning side (ie the chances of survival), only negligible amounts will be reduced.Benefits provided by her friends, the martyrs fall, will provide each of these fighters will be more than good because the average while others will die. Reproduction of this warrior and a martyr to fall to the next generation to reject the existence of ordering the genes are more likely than others. Future generations will lose the effect of this trend so that the martyrs fall.

This is a simplified example of a trivial issue, but a permanent group of related definitions seçilimiyle. Individual altruism theories of group selection always tends to collapse internally. Individual mortality and reproduction, group or division imhaları faster processing and larger frequencies occurs in a time scale. Mathematical systems, which group may be a strong showing in evolutionary terms seçiliminin mathematical models which can be produced in special conditions. These special conditions are not realistic in nature, but in general, such as tribal groups, religions, this has created unrealistic conditions defensible. It's an interesting set of theories, but will not go into more detail. Darwin's ideas take into account that in reality only a strong advocate of the individual organism level selection, though, a group of tribes seçilimcisi be a lot closer to the opinion:

Two primitive tribe living in the era when they compete in the same region, if one of these tribes (the other conditions is considered to be equal to) a large number of courageous, sympathetic and faithful members, if any, which are a danger to warn each other sezdiklerinde, always ready to help and protect each other, this tribe there is no doubt people will be successful and overcome the other tribe ... Selfish and contentious people are nothing without harmony can not be combined and performed. The above features have a high amount of any tribe will grow, and superior to other tribes, but his time in this period, taking into account all past history, other than the wealthy uğratılacaktır defeated in turn by the tribes.

Biologist who reads this, to satisfy any expert opinion of Darwin's selection is not exactly add to a group, ie group seçiliminin real sense, a group derived from the frequency metapopülasyonu countable, successful groups. Darwin, instead, a spirit of selfless cooperation, and expand the number of users fazlalaşan tribes brought in front of the eye. Although red squirrels in England more than Darwin's model of the spread of gray squirrels: the ecological space to change, not a true group selection. 

RELIGION AS A PRODUCT OF A LOVE THING SIDE B 

Q anırım the selection is now set aside the religious group the right to remain (or süregelmesinin) your own point of view I want to report on the Darwinian explanation. I saw religion as a byproduct of something else am one of a growing number of biologists. If we explain the main lines, as we believe about the theoretical explanation of the religion of Darwinian survival 'bring to mind a by-product theory' I believe I should. Questioning the meaning of the right to remain an issue, or any süregelme, can we ask the wrong question. We need more help to shape a style that question again. Perhaps you are concerned primarily (in this case religion) is not direct its own survival, but this value with the value of any by-product of something else. By-product opinion, I think would be useful to promote their own kind of work, a metaphor of animal behavior.

Moths fly flies to light candles, burn, and it does not appear like an accident. As if to herald moth flight route changes appear to be roasted. This' self-immolation behavior as provocative classify this under the name of natural selection and how this behavior may wonder what is it that the positive finding. I think a clever attempt to answer the question before bulunabilmemizin acquire a new shape. This is not a suicide. Obvious suicide, a side effect from carelessness or something else occurs as a by-product. By-product of what? Here is one possibility to touch the stone gediğine Basing benefits:

Artificial light began to illuminate the new world of new nights. Artificial light at that, you can see the lights one night belonged to the moon and the stars. The light beams optical infinity, hence parallel to the world. In this way, it makes sense to use such as lights, compass. Insects move in a straight line stability is known to use celestial objects like the sun and the moon and the compass, as a sign of the opposite direction to detect, can use to return home after a raid. Nervous system of insects is an expert in this kind of a temporary exhibit practical action: 'a 30-degree angle of light hitting the eyes follow a route. " Insects are compound eyes, (upright tubes or light guides, just as the center of the eye is scattered like needles in a hedgehog) that, in practice, the light tube or a particular action could mean something as simple as fixing ommatidium'da.

However, the success of light compass, seriously celestial body depends on the optical infinity. If not, the parallel light rays, not the rim of a wheel or the car is scattered away from each other as the arms. Light a candle near 30 degrees on the nervous system implements the method (or any of the narrow-angle), and the groom finds out the candle optical sınırsızlıktaki months over a spiral path leads to fire. You too narrow an angle of 30 degrees, such as using candles to draw an outline for creating a pleasant will see logarithmic spiral.

This is a fatal exception in bringing the mind, a practical method of confidence though, on average, beneficial because it is a behavior of a moth to aim for the candle, is quite rare compared to the moon sighting. A bright star or a month or even a distant glow of the city by the hundreds of silent and effectively directed the difference we can not groom. We see only moths towards ateşimize our candle and ask the wrong question: Why are all the moths commits suicide? Instead, the groom directing light rays while maintaining a constant angle sorgulamalıyız nervous systems, which is a tactic that we notice only when the reverse. The question earned a new meaning to the mystery evaporates. I would never say it was not suicide. In general, a useful compass, tekleyen by-product.

Now the side of religious behavior in humans on the product's use what we learn. Many people observe that (in many regions, this number is 100 percent of the population) contain verifiable scientific facts downright contradictory beliefs, just like each other, give rise to conflict with each other as rival religions. People are passionate in the belief bağlanmakla only, but also expensive for events arising from this allegiance to commit time and resources. Die and kill for the sake of these beliefs. Garipseriz it, just as' self-immolation behavior "such as garipsediğimiz. Turns puzzled, ask why. However, I would like to emphasize that we can ask the wrong question. Religious behavior, which is useful under different circumstances, or once a basic psychological tendency, tekleyen, may be an unfortunate by-product.From this perspective, the core of this trend süregelmiş ancestors by natural selection was not about religion; trend had different interests and only incidentally, has revealed himself as religious behavior. Religious behavior, it can comprehend only after you rename the.

So, if the religious side ürünüyse something else, what is this thing? Created by the light moths pusulayla determining the course of heavenly bodies, this is for human behavior? Advantageous feature of this primitive era of the religious tekleyerek Sometimes there is By sampling, but would like to emphasize that the phrase you would like to present an idea on this issue is only a theoretical example, and other scientists will be supported similar ideas. Follow the prompt to end the problem and, if necessary, to express a new meaning to the general principle of loyalty, stronger than any bağlılığımdan with a particular response.

My own assumption is about children. More than all the other races as we, the cumulative experience of previous generations, and these experiences süregeliriz on behalf of the children should be protected and become healthy. Theoretically, the children keep away from personal experience, more than thanks to the brink of a precipice, a lake full of crocodiles yüzmemek untested and should learn not to eat strawberries. However, at least, a selective interest of the child's brain will be the dominant practical method: the parents anlatırlarsa They'll tell you what to believe without question. Admit their parents, tribal elders admit, especially the serious, threatening halindelerse a soul. Confidence in their elders without question. In general, a rule of thumb is valuable for these children. However, just like moths, things can go wrong.

I listened to a sermon in the church never forget my school was little frightening. In the past, with horrific was this: at that time, my brain child this priest kabullenmişti pose intended mood. Drill next to a railway line makes us the story of a soldier told troops. Alengirli to give the order to stop a moment and forget the drill officer, distracted. The soldiers to obey orders without question have been trained so well that they continue to walk regardless of a train approaching. Now, of course, I do not believe this story and I hope not believe in priests. However, at the age of nine, because I believed it is a büyüğümden authority over me I've heard this story. And believe it or not the pastor of this story, we follow orders from the question of children, the soldiers appreciate and obey blindly, benimsememizi dilemişti ourselves as an example, although a wish, even if it unreasonable for an authority figure. I speak for myself, I think I've really appreciated. Now as an adult, a child under the train will carry out the task of entering their own desire to have the courage to be curious about whether the belief that the think it is almost impossible. However, at present it is quite different from the usual senses. Sermon clearly left a deep impression on me, because it would transfer to you and even remember.

To be fair I do not think the priest intends to present a religious message. This is probably the message that religious rather than a soldier Tennyson'un 'bright Manganese Task' beauty befitting the spirit of the poem read:

'Bright manga Forward! "
Is there someone fell in despair?
Soldiers do not care that
Tökezleyen the military:
They do not correspond to
They do not search logic,
Just take orders and die:
Towards the valley of Death
Six hundred people drag.

(Human voice is one of the oldest and most jerry-built records Tennyson'un Lord himself reading the poem and the sound of the past that extends deep into the effect of dark and eerie impression of a long tunnel, but it comes at the end of the space in place.) Officers with a view to a parent, whether the army not to obey orders to give authority to take measures in çılgınlıktır. Rather than comply with orders, the soldiers using their own initiative, countries are prone to lose wars. National point of view of this, a practical method to maintain a solid, sometimes Although it leads the individual disasters. The soldiers are possible makineleştirilmeye or bilgisayarlaştırılmaya drill.

Computers do what is said. Your own programming languages, the guidelines shall be observed as a slave. In this way, such as word processing, spreadsheets, perform useful operations. However, just as an inevitable by-product, or an equal amount to comply with guidelines robotiklerdir incorrect. Specify any possibilities would be the effect of the directive is good or bad. Just obey, just as did the soldiers. Computers make useful feature of this unquestioned loyalty, and exactly the same computers that inevitably makes the software vulnerable to viruses and worms. 'Me all the addresses on the hard disk copy and send it as' a malicious program is designed to be applied simply and sent the link to potential katsayısal on other computers it will comply. At the same time obedient and useful way to design a computer immune to viruses as well as difficult and perhaps impossible.

If the defense point of view as well if I made so far, you already evidence that children's minds and in your mind about religion tamamlamışsınızdır. Natural selection, their parents or elders of the tribe of children's brains tend to believe them No matter what is built. Such reliable obedience, the right to stay are important: confidence in months by a similar redirection. However, reliable blind obedience is a side effect of purity. Savunmasızlıktır inevitable by-product of the mind virus infections. Perfect for Darwinian reasons süregelmeyle, child brains need to trust their parents and elders were entrusted to hear. The result is that the self-confident person whit ayıramayacaktır best advice from bad. Children, 'a lake full of crocodiles swimming "nasihatinin not know that good advice, but' you must sacrifice a goat is full moon, otherwise it will not rain 'the most beautiful example of the belief that the expenditure of time and goats. Eminmiş appear to be an equal amount in each of two counsel. Both a reputable source of income and demanding respect and obedience Buyuran, passed imposing seriousness. The same world, the universe, about human nature, moral values and true suggestions. And, most likely the child to grow and cultivate their own children were placed, of course, exactly the same serious infectious attitude will transfer all their children (or related constructs that nonsense).

See this example, expect that, in different geographical regions, different arbitrary beliefs, none of which is the foundation of fact-based, legacy left to future generations, and fertilizer for crops as well as in faith, within the framework of the traditional goal of cognition inanılacaktır useful parts of the same opinion. At the same time not based on facts, superstitions and other beliefs, or Darwinism is a kind of random selection or a tendency to wait for evolution of locally benzeriyle (change in every generation). The result is a distancing prominent example of this situation will present the common ancestors. Languages mature enough geographic separation, deviation from a common ancestor language drifts (This issue will come soon.) Inheritance left to the same status from generation to generation, baseless and arbitrary beliefs and to apply for the orders, which are a possibility, a remarkable child's brain power utility programlanabilirliğiyle acquired beliefs.

Religious leaders and the brain washing of children's brain savunmasızlığımın quite aware of the importance of making an early age. A source of pride in the Jesuit style, 'the first seven years old, give me a child and I'll give you a man,' for the conventional (or suspect), we say is not wrong. More recently, today's infamous 'Family Focus' James Dobson, leader of the movement ', had adopted this principle very well:' taught to young people and young people's experiences (they saw, heard, think and believe) thrown under control, determines the course of the future for the nation.

But remember, helpful child's mind about the purity of the original claim, and this is only a matter of months, or an example for the type of stars can be guided by the analogy of the moth. Ethnologist (ethnologist), Robert Hindi, God, Why Süregelir'de, anthropologist Pascal Boyer and Scott Revealed Din ATRA Inanırız'da God, religion, a by-product of the usual psychological tendencies that supported the general idea independently of each other. Can not telling, especially in the eyes of anthropologists, many of the side products, and the diversity of world religions, as well as common aspects of different religions that emphasizes effective. The findings appear strange to us only to anthropologists. The reason for this is that the unusual findings. Religious belief, this belief appears strange to one another if someone yetiştirilmemiş. Boyer, Fang people of Cameroon, which investigated the public ...

An internal organ is similar to the addition of a hayvanınkine ... witches and other people's products by flying at night, causing damage to these organs or blood zehirlediğine believe. In addition, sometimes the witches came together for huge banquets, and then downloading the one hand, the victims of the stomach, on the other hand is said to plan future attacks. Most of the people, friend of a friend on the night of the village witches flying, resting in a banana tree leaf, or a variety of throwing spears really saw the magic of pure victims will tell you.

Boyer, a personal anecdote continues:

A meal at a university in Cambridge during the conversation I mentioned this and other exotic peoples. Konuklarımdan One of the important Cambridge theologian, turned to me and said: 'That's what makes anthropology both fascinating and very difficult. to explain how they believe people have such safsatalara. " This question is quite sersemletmişti me. Saçmalıklarına own faith, regardless of whether aşağılıyordu other beliefs. I can not make it a more appropriate response to the chat registration in other directions.

If we accept that a true Christian theologians Cambridge'li, probably believed that a combination of the following statements can claim a kind of:

• When our ancestors lived, a man without a biological father, was born to a virgin mother.
• The same fatherless man called on to work for a friend named Lazarus, that Lazarus died so long ago, the body kokmuştu and Lazarus immediately returned to life.
• His father died after he was raised and kept for three days.
• Forty days later, the fatherless man went on a mountain top and raised to the sky and disappeared completely.
• If the secret thoughts in your head, pass, fatherless man, and 'father' (which also is the father) to hear what you think and act accordingly. In addition, there are also the world's ability to hear everyone's thoughts simultaneously.
• If you make a good or a bad thing, the same fatherless man sees all of them, even if you have even just made you. Ödüllendirilebilirsiniz punishable in accordance with or, even after you die.
• His father, the man's virgin mother never died but physically to heaven 'rose'.
• Bread and wine, if you are a priest (who must be having one of the testes) by kutsanırlarsa, the fatherless man's body, and gullibility 'dönüşüverirler. "

Psychological desire towards religion

INE D TURNING PSYCHOLOGICAL REQUEST 

P sikolojik view of by-products of natural evolutionary psychology as an important and emerging branches of science is due. Evolution by psikologlarına brain, just to see the evolution of an eye or a wing on the wing have evolved, such as requiring expertise, a body engaged in a series of data order (or 'tracks') collection. Kinship in the brain, parts exchange and sympathy are interested in such cases, and this list goes uzayarak. Teklemelerinin some parts, such as religion, this can be seen as a by-product. For example, theories of other minds and intra-group mergers shaped parts or members, as well as dominating the distinction of being the face of foreign parts. Stated purity of each of these parts out of sync against the vulnerable status of children under the direction designated by moths celestial bodies is that they are suitable to be for humans. Psychologist Paul Bloom, 'a by-product of religion' is another advocate of the view that children are prone to natural against the theory of mind indicates a düalistik1. Bloom, a by-product of religion for such instinctive ikiciliğin. We are people, especially the idea that children's innate Secondary suggests.

A Secondary, is a fundamental difference between matter and mind is pursued. A monist (singular), by contrast, otherwise the mind is a matter (a brain or a computer's brain material, equipment) and believes that the matter could not be there without. A Secondary, the mind believes that it is a kind of disembodied spirit.Spirit will reside in the body and the body so as to leave the fair can be found elsewhere. Secondary a snap for any mental illness' possession 'may interpret as the domination of evil spirits in the body is temporary, and' get fired. " Secondary non-living physical objects captured the smallest opportunity kişileştirirler, waterfall and clouds even the devils, they see ghosts.

F. In 1882 he wrote the book Antey'in Vice Versa (Mutual), but it makes sense for a Secondary dark like me, is absolutely incomprehensible to a singular. Mr Bultitude and his son mysteriously became aware of each other's body passed. Father, the joy of his son to break his son's body is forced to go to school, this time his son, his father's body, his father's job, almost sinking the point of recruits makes decisions. A similar sequence of events by PGWodehouse used Gazı'nda laugh. In this story, and a children's movie star Havershot Earl, is adjacent to dental anesthesia and wake up in the seats are in each other's body. Once again, the story makes sense only for Secondary. Lord, Lord Havershot'un substitute but should be something that is not part of his body, otherwise how can the player's body uyanabilirdi a child?

Like most scientists, I am not in a Secondary, but still fun for me as Mutual and Laughing Gas. Paul Bloom, a statement said it will bring, though I'd learned to be an intellectual monist, I'm a kind of evolution as a pet and I spent so instinctive Secondary. Located somewhere behind my eyes and, at least in the fictional, the idea of someone else's brain is one that I can migrate, even though an intellectual monist, I and everyone else into the deeply processed. Bloom, in particular small children well are more likely than adults to being Secondary claim, empirical evidence has supported one. This brings to mind the idea that the brain develops a tendency to dualism, and Bloom is a natural tendency to allow this trend to adopt religious ideas.

Bloom, also suggests that we are naturally inclined to be yaradılışçı. Natural selection 'intuitive logic does not handle. " In particular, children, thinking that everything is possible in a message, just as reported to us in an article Keleman'm psychologist Deborah, 'Children, "non-theist Is it intuition?"' Clouds' is for rain. "Sharp rocks, 'the animals themselves, pointed to kaşıması. " Teleology to install everything, a purpose (teleology) is called. Children from birth, and most of this employee in erekbilimcidir never sıyrılamaz.

Innate dualism and teleology under appropriate conditions compatible with our religion makes us, just as the light moths accidentally slip responses of 'suicide' as to bring suit. Ikiciliğimiz inborn, rather than the opinion of us is an integral part of the body of the soul, residing in the body of a 'soul' prepares to believe it. Just as a disembodied soul after the death of the body to go somewhere else, such as can easily be imagined. Likewise, a god of pure spirit defined by leaps and bounds that we can imagine this, formed a complex matter and not an asset exhibits itself independently, but there has been a material entity. That is more open, boyish prepare the ground for religious teleology. If you have a purpose that everything belongs to whom these purposes? Tanrı'nındır course.

Then, the light moths compass work is for the efficacy in humans? Natural selection of our fathers and their children's brains and erekbilimi ikiciliği ayıklamıştır why?So far, 'innate Secondary' prediction of the theory, simply, that people's innate varsaymaktı Secondary and erekbilimci. However, the Darwinian benefit of it what could it be? The right to stay in assets on behalf of the world is important to have information about their behavior and natural selection is formatted to make our brains that can think fast and efficient. Benefit of this ability can be woven and erekbilimin ikicillik So? This assumption, philosopher Daniel Dennett'in expression deliberately taking advantage of the situation can understand.

Dennett, animals, machines, or to understand the behavior of human beings, such as trying to measure and therefore we accept, 'situations' presented an enlightening three-way classification. Physical condition, tasarımsal situation and are deliberately situation. Physical state, in principle, because everything will eventually work always abides by the laws of physics. However, using objects to solve the very serious physical condition of the act. When all the moving parts of an object entered in the calculation of complex interactions, the behavior of prophecy about the likely there will be too late. Crossbow is really designed as a dishwasher or an object for analysis, design a shortcut economic status. Under the spotlight by taking the physical properties of the object and design, would act directly by referring to how can we predict. In the words of Dennett'in;

Almost everyone outside of an alarm clock on the basis of the arbitrary control of the sound çıkaracağını Guess what. Zemberekli, battery, solar energy, decoration and jewelry made of brass or silicon gears apparatus to know whether or Caring about the importance of knowing there is no need to know not only designed to remove the alarm to sound after the installation.

Darwinian natural selection is actually designed to adapt to a situation which allows you to design for a living. If your heart to pump blood 'designed' to understand the heart of assuming we have used a short cut. Karl von Frisch was led by the examination of color perception bees (they are color-blind in the face of orthodox opinion) because the bright colors of the flowers attract bees to the 'designed' thought. I use quotation marks to show as a liar in order to prevent kendilerindenmiş yaradılışçıların zoologu this great Australian. Does not even need to say that the status of design for Frisch translated perfectly Darwinian terms.

Deliberate state of the situation and design a shirt in a way superior to the other short. Intended for the purpose of an asset, but a purposeful agent who manages his own actions that the agent or the host are allowed. When you see the potential behavior of a tiger and you better not gecikmeseniz kestirmekte. Physics of molecules and legs, claws and teeth, the design does not care. This cat intends to eat you, and to accomplish the purpose of his legs, claws and teeth, use the variable and resourceful ways. The second prediction about the behavior of the quickest way of doing physics and physiology to bring to mind hunting intentional forgetting.Design state-designed objects, such as it works really well designed objects I would like to emphasize that it is useful. Likewise, the situation deliberately deliberate, conscious goals to accommodate these features of the objects as objects to be effective is also effective.

Deliberate social conditions, the situation is very important in dangerous conditions and a brain mechanism that speeds up decision-making as entirely logical to me that means the value of survival. If the situation is an obligatory part of intentional İkiciliğin directly can not be sure. It would be appropriate on the different ideas that will not stop but tanımlanmalarının as Secondary türetilecek Based on a kind of intentional state theory can be developed form the basis of evidence; kasıttan talking about complex social conditions, and especially the upper class.

Dennett kasıttan third class (women, men by men who believe that istenildiğinin aware of), the fourth class (women, by men who believe that men are aware of istenildiğinin aware of the women) and even the fifth grade, (women, by men who believe that men are aware of women aware of istenildiğinin born into a shaman.) intent is limited to a very high-class fiction is probably, just like Michael Frayn'ın cheerful book The Tin Men'deki (Tin Men), satire, such as: Rick Nunopoulos'u watching her, Anna, who do not understand about its own thoughts Fiddlingchild'tan almost sure hate to death the Nina and Anna knew that he knew Nunopoulos'un know what they know ... ' But such a fictional idea dolambaçlıklarına we laugh, smile, perhaps, to be successful in the real world, our minds are extracted as a significant natural sunuyordur information.

Intentional state, at least in lower grades, such as the design condition may be the right remains vital saves time. As a result, natural selection shaped brains to use as a shortcut intentional status. We are behaviors that are important to us as biological beings programlanmışızdır to install a purpose. Once again, Paul Bloom, children in particular are likely to benimsemesinin experimental evidence of intentional state is enclosed in quotation marks. Small babies posed by an object, then another when they see an object, (for example, the computer screen) and finds that they witnessed a deliberate pursuit of an active agent to maintain the default monitoring agent şaşkınlıklarını stopped by a certain proof that they sanılarını.

Design status and intentional brain mechanisms of state and the right to remain useful assets that must be really paying attention to confer on the acceleration of intuition, just as predators or potential friends. But just as in other brain mechanisms, they are also tekleyebilir. Children and primitive people weather, waves and currents, falling rocks, upload purpose. We all tend to do the same thing about the machines. In particular, uğrattıklarında disappointed us. Many of us sets out to rescue a disaster Night Basil Gourmet Favvlty'nin vital task to do during a car breakdown in a way we remember the sick. A fair warning in the car pulls up to three counts, then the car goes down, gets into the hands of a tree branch and beat the car shortly after passing. We all did it, at least in some moments, if not a car with a computer. Justin Barrett, hyperactive agent detection device akronimiyle HATC presented to us. People in the middle of a hyperactive, and produces nothing when no agents are, in fact, the nature of evil simply have no interest or compassion in a place that leads to kuşkulanmamıza. Sometimes I like a bicycle chain while infusing hatred mercilessly against inanimate objects and catch the innocent. Fitzvvilliam stairs while visiting the Museum at Cambridge bağcıklarıyla solved shoes falling and three priceless Qing Dynasty, "the poignant story of a man who broke the vase recently spread from ear to ear: 'vases, and they all went into the millions left the track. The staff when there is still just sitting there waiting for the open mouth of an inch. Everyone was taken aback, and the man quietly bekleşiyorlardı around. The man continues to mark the one hand, while bağcıklarını said, "Here they are; crime ties."

Religion is a byproduct of the other comments that Hindi, Shermer, Boyer, ATRA, Bloom, Dennett, Keleman and the other has been proposed by several people.Particularly interesting is a possibility that was raised by Dennett, religion mantıksızlığının in the brain indicates that the by-product of a specific mechanism of structural unreasonable: Probably the genetic benefits, which tend to be in love.

Anthropologist Helen Fisher Oluruz'da Why we fall in love, romantic love and madness is absolutely mandatory gereksizliğini comparing trends have a very good explanation. Consider this point of view of this topic. A man's point of view, we can say that, among women, any woman knows a hundred times more pleasant than the nearest competitors are not credible, but this woman 'is in love with' a hundred times more pleasant than others, as it is possible to identify. The convenient nature of faith that we tekeşliliğe fanatic, rather than the opposite direction is a kind of 'polyamory' more rational. (Polyamory, a few individuals of the opposite sex sevilebileceği belief at the same time, just as many wine varieties, many composers, such as books or sevilebilmesi sport at the same time.) One child, parent, sibling, teacher, friend, or loving the idea of home more than happy to hayvanından declare. When you think like this, waiting for marriage, love and a certain mysterious certainly is not the privilege altogether? Yes, this is what we hope and achieve our undertakings. You must be a reason.

Helen Fisher and others have demonstrated the unique situations that puts the brain to fall in love. This case is unique and highly effective chemicals on the nerves (which is really natural drugs), triggering emerge. Helen'la Evolutionary psychologists agree that at this point, irrational heart palpitations, joint parenting a child with the area and ensure the loyalty of long-lasting enough to be a mechanism. No doubt that the Darwinian perspective, all kinds of reasons, an important factor in selecting a good partner. However, once a selection is made (although a bad choice) and a child came out, at least until the child is removed from milk, this election is more important to adhere to good and bad days.

Irrational religion, really love to be extracted by natural selection in a by-product of mechanisms in the brain may be unreasonable? Religious belief is without a doubt fall in love with the same character, but a structure (and both attributes much of the effect of an addictive drug taşır1). John Smythies Nöropsikiatrist significant differences between the two types of devotion activated different brain regions attract our attention. Still, a few pointed at the similarity:

Religion in the face of many an aspect, focusing on a supernatural person, (ie God), in addition to this intense love and deep respect for the person shown in ikonlarma. Human life is largely güdülür selfish genes, and support processes. It is due to a definite support from religion: to be loved and warm and comforting feeling of protection in a world of dangerous, less fear of death, hard times, help from the prayers and the like from high above. Likewise, a person who needed a real romantic love (usually the other sex) and other similar strong focus on supporting the final reveal. This is the other person's feelings can be triggered symbols, letters, photographs and even Victorian hair curls as on time. Well-being of many physiological effects that we fall in love makes it burn like a furnace might be an example.

To fall in love in 1993 and to compare between religion, religion of an individual held the symptoms, 'the more common symptoms of components could sexual passion I discovered I was like amazing level. This has an effect on the brain too strong and it is not surprising to spend some viruses evolved to make use of it '(where the virus refers to the expression and religion is a metaphor: the title of my article' Mind Virus' was). Avila'lı view of the influence of St. Teresa's orgasm has a bad reputation so much money that you provide will re-transfer. The philosopher Anthony Kenny is a more serious attitude and believing in more polite terms, the mystery of the becerenlerin transmutasyon1 theoretical needs joy, Based on his own experiences to share the poignant words. After winning the title of the priest of the Roman Catholic Church, liturgy ayiniyle feelings about the first words of the following describes:

Excitement created by the Lord's Rabbani Ayini'nin I still like yesterday I remember the first few months. Birisiyken Normally sluggish and lazy, privileged that I think could make an important duty of bed rather than get up early, and quite heyecanlanırdım completely there as soon as ... What impresses me, a priest of Jesus Christ's body to touch and the yakınlığıydı. Consecration ceremony, speeches, and then blessed Ekmek'ten not take my eyes, just staring into the eyes of a lover loves yumuşardı looks like ... Papazlığımın my mind this is the first days, and timid to take on the task in the days of happiness is scalded; precious and fragile that a hist, just an inconvenient fact that the marriage ended as a romantic love affair.

Trust for light compass response to a seemingly illogical, but it is useful to the opposite sex, but only one person who felt for a person. Tekleyen by-product (candle light for flying), Jehovah (or the Virgin Mary or Allah or wafer) to fall in love this love to motivate and to exhibit the ridiculous actions.

Biologist Lewis Wolpert, Six Impossible Thing Before breakfast, a claim that can be seen as a generalization of a constructive view is illogical. Wants to emphasize, is that a defense force against the instability of irrational belief: 'If the life-saving olunmasaydı loyal to beliefs, the early days of human evolution that would have drawbacks. For example, the constant change of ideas, while hunting or serious damage to the whole outfit would have made. " Wolpert'in view the content, at least under some circumstances, an unreasonable opinion is that better than being hesitant to persevere, even an exchange of new findings or reasoning even though the specific. 'To fall in love' is easy to see the opinion as a special case and in this regard, Wolpert'in 'mantıksızlıkta insist' opinion, the main aspects of nonsense to explain religious behavior is quite reasonable to see the other as a useful psychological tendency. (Another by-product)

Social Evolution Book, produced by Robert Trivers in 1976 was put into the details of the theory of self-deception:

"Self-deception", the truth is to keep the conscious mind, which is better than hiding from other people. Human soyunda, cunning eyes, sweaty palms and the muffled sounds deliberate attempt to deceive the mood could point to declare the accompanying stress. Becoming unconscious act of deception, this marks one observer Stores deceitful. Thus, to deceive, without the accompanying nervousness, so that no one wants to tell a lie.

Anthropologist Lionel Tiger of optimism: hope Biyolojisi'nâz uses a similar expression. I just mentioned to the class of constructive Triver'in paragraph illogicality 'perceptual defense' is provided with:

Görmeleriyle things about people deliberately want to see there is a tendency. Define an exaggeration, the negative connotations people have difficulty seeing things that are taking positive action with a sense of peace will see a rising leavers. For example, recalling the words of concern, whether an individual's personal history or falsified based on the experience, therefore, requires a description of a maximum for the first time before kavranmalarının.

You do not need to spell out the relationship between religion hüsnükuruntusuyla. Religion is a byproduct of the general theory of random (a useful thing teklemesi) I want to defend a theory. Details for a variety of different, complex and discussed. For example, while the "naive child 'my theory of' by-product 'will continue to use theories as a representative. This theory is (child's brain, solid reasons, mental 'viruses' vulnerable to infections) will leave the impression eksikmiş. Minds may be more vulnerable to the virus, but rather on why it is vulnerable to the virus? Some viruses are transmitted vulnerable minds are experts in particular? Why 'infection' will appear as a religion does not appear as something else? This is to imply something else, I want to See the child's brain transmitted nonsense does not matter if a particular variety. Once infected children will grow no matter what kind of nonsense and at the next generation will get the same nonsense.

Frazer Golden Dal as an anthropological study, surprised us in the ridiculous variety of human beliefs converts, people insist on continuing this culture is a culture once adopted, develops and biological evolution in a way that is reminiscent of farklılaştırırlar. However, Frazer discovered some general principles, such as' homeopathic magic. " Accordingly, targeted spells and charms to attract some of the symbolic aspects of real-world objects is borrowed. Another example is the bitter consequences, pulverized rhinoceros horn carries the belief aphrodisiac properties. This myth is absurd from top to bottom, a rhinoceros horn to the penis was erect comes from the resemblance. 'Homoeopatik magic' as can be vulnerable to common brains spread all this nonsense is not coincidental but evoke the idea of pleasure is a fallacy.

Related activities in terms of natural selection to wonder whether an assessment of the biological analogy is interesting. Some ideas are really attractive, valuable, or make it compatible with some of the psychological tendencies, to spread ideas about the other outstanding manager? And this is just to offer an explanation for evolution in living things, such as natural selection, could be seen as a description of the nature and quality of contemporary religions? The 'value' of the word is only important to know about the ability to survive and spread. Described as valuable of an idea, we can hear a positive value-judgments deserved pride as human beings can not be said.

For example, an evolutionary influence of natural selection is not required in any. Biologists, for a good spread of a gene within a population of genes, but not even being lucky enough to know that a gene. We say this, genetic drift. Similarly, the incumbent of natural selection is important here is debatable. But now, the famous neutral theory of molecular genetics has been widely accepted. If a gene identical to itself etkideki converts into another type, the difference is neutral and can not make a choice selection of these two genes. However, statisticians dedikleriyle sampling error over generations, this new structure has been transformed as the natural gene pool could replace the original structure. This is a real evolutionary change at the molecular level (even if not seen any change in the world of all organisms.) Seçilimsel advantage also owes nothing to a non-event show evolutionary change.

The cultural equivalent of genetic drift, the evolution of religion, we can not ignore mind spending a credible option. Semi-biological and evolutionary aspects of language evolve in a way that appears almost at random a tendency unaddressed. Language is a cultural benzeriyle slowly changing during the centuries of genetics to future generations that the various evolutionary stages in devrolur until you reach a mutual conflict. Language is a part of the evolution of a kind likely to be under the influence of natural selection, but this claim is not very believable. Some views on these important trends in the language the following lines explain how to bring a solution, just as English 15 and 18 The Great Celebrity Exchange as the centuries, took place between. However, such a functional hypothesis, we reviewed many of the issues is not necessary for an explanation. Random genetic drift is usually evolved from the cultural equivalent of the language is a possibility. Latin language in various parts of Europe, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French, Romanian, and various dialects of these languages dragged. These evolutionary changes in the local advantages or 'selection pressures' can not say reflects.

Languages, religions, just as I think, quite arbitrary beginnings, we are currently observing amazing (and sometimes dangerous) level of the richness of diversity has evolved to create a favorable gelişigüzellikle. At the same time, basic human psychology tekdüzeliğinin gallery with a piece of it in a kind of natural selection may have affected the different religions because there are obvious common features. For example, many religions, but objectively unreasonable as a subjective principle teaches that an attractive physical death, then the right remain kişiliklerimiz accordingly. The right to stay and are very successful in spreading the idea of immortality because it allows wishful thinking. And wishful thinking is important because the human psychology, there is a tendency to almost universal belief, desire, such as coloring.

It seems that the most characteristic of religion, only that he meets the concerns and expressions of human beings the right to remain suited to help. This conformity 'intelligent designer' by natural selection does not happen have been? Answer is probably both. In the design, which helps keep the religious right leaders of religion to express a great deal of detail clever hoaxes. Martin Luther King, the logic of religion is the most important enemy was aware of the dangers of religion, and often said: 'Your faith is the greatest enemy of logic; religious issues lakırdılarla divine help, but ultimately never run from God, born to fight and approaches everything with an attitude of contempt. Also: 'Whoever wants to be a Christian, your mind, eyes carved. " And also: 'Logic must have exhausted all Christians. " Luther, a belief by adding an air of absurd logical views to support this belief çekmezdi no difficulty. However, this is not mandatory to design the sake of his or any others. This is a kind of faith (non-genetic) can be enhanced by natural selection, and in this case, Luther, the designer, but a vigilant observer of the effect of faith is.

Traditional Darwinian seçiliminin gene, as a byproduct of religious trends in the issuing of psychological ayıkladığı düşünülebilse, the effect is not clear on the details.Indeed, this kind of detail ilişkilendireceksek selection theory, not cultural equivalents incelemeliyiz genes. Personal characteristics such as religion memler çıkagelmiştir I wonder? 

Calm down, because they're walking on memlerin

Current OL S ON BECAUSE MEMLERİN walk 

"Religious issues in reality, is nothing but an idea temelsizce süregelmiş"
He SCAR W CITIES 

T his section begins with the outcome of this observation, Darwinian natural selection is a common feature in any one of a kind never ayıklamayacağından worthless (such as religion), this feature should definitely provide a benefit, otherwise süregelemezdi. However, this benefit is related to an individual's survival or reproductive success gerekmemektir. As we have seen, the benefit of influenza virus genes, we have a satisfactory level between people of the terrible condition heryerdeliğini açıklamıştır.1 Moreover, the beneficiary of the genes needed. Any copier sees the same task. Genes are only the most obvious examples of copiers. If the other candidates, computer viruses and cultural heritage items in this section and the memlerdir. If you want to understand memleri, before natural selection a little closer look at exactly how it works.

The most general form, natural selection has to make a choice among alternative copiers. A copier, incorrect, or 'changed' verbatim copies of itself from producing copies of a piece of encoded information. This is a matter of Darwinian explanation. This is a good kind of copied copiers, copied so bad, although alternative kopyalayıcılara fazlalaşırlar number. This is the most basic description of natural selection. The prototype copier gene and the gene for countless generations, is almost always the exact accuracy of DNA copied and enlarged. Mem is the main query of the theory, just as in the genes, such as the actual functioning copiers is whether elements of cultural imitation. I do not claim to be close to genes like Memlerin inevitably, how similar they are genes, meme theory is so successful and the aim of this section is a special case of the theory of religion meme is to question if that works.

Gene's world, marked a rare kopyalamadaki (changes), any gene in a gene pool of alternative variables (allelic genes of chromosomes are heterogeneous, different personal characteristics of a gene responsible for one of two alternative forms) allows us to be sure of harboring these genes, and therefore can be said that they compete with each other. What is the purpose of competition? Competition, the team owned by the genes of this allele in a particular kromozomsal or 'locus' is. And how to compete? Although not a direct collision between the molecules can talk about acting in a collision. Deputies, the genes 'fenotipsel characteristics' (inherited external appearance), leg length, such as color or post: Genes view in detail of anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, or behavior are explained. Bodies usually hosts about the fate of a gene in a row. To what extent this affects their bodies, determines the possibilities for gene pool survival. Generations progresses, according to the effects of genes in gene pool frequencies increased or decreased phenotypic characteristics.

This situation may also apply memlerde? Chromosomes, gezenekler, alleles or genes are different in a way not explicitly for sexual combinations. Meme pool gene pool than the more ad hoc and irregular. Nevertheless, a meme pool that is not absurd to express much, so this pool more memlerin alternative memlerin as a result of competitive interactions 'frequencies' are subject to change.

Memsel explanations based on various grounds that some people oppose this situation stems from the fact that such genes are often totally memlerin. The exact physical nature of a gene is no longer bilinirken (a series of DNA) memlerin solution from a physical nature are unknown, and scientists through different mem confuse each other's mind. Memler only found in the brain? Or, for example, a particular copy of a paper or electronic copy of each poem called a meme? In addition, the genes are copied to the exact precision, but also if memler kopyalanıyorsa, a truth that it is not suspicious?

Memlerin overstated the so-called problems. The most important objection, such as copiers Memlerin Darwinian copying accuracy is insufficient to process your claim. Sundae is due to doubt that, if every generation 'exchange rate' is high, unable to influence the frequency of Darwinian selection meme meme pool destroys itself changed. However, this problem is misleading.

Apprentices working in a special skill to teach a young master, imagine a carpenter or a prehistoric stone yontucuyu. If the accuracy of the movement of each hand runs over his master, apprentice, master Memik, transfer of an apprentice a few 'generation' have remained unchanged throughout the'd expect to see. But, of course, every hand movement of an apprentice repeat accuracy. Because it will be put funny. Instead, the aim of trying to get his master will take into account and it will emulate. As required to apply hammer blow, the nail will not protrude çakacaktır the number of pulses and this probably will not be equal to his master strokes.Unlimited number of mimicking 'generations' can be passed unchanged imitations, such as work rules that the application showing the details are not important differences among individuals and from case to case. Used to weave stitch styles, rope knots, or fishing nets, origami paper folding models, pottery and marangozlukta useful tips: some of the basics of it all is really simplified and an unlimited number can be transferred unchanged from generation to emulate. Details on the basis of individual characteristics might fade away with time but the essence of the subject passes from generation to generation without any change and this is more than enough for the functioning of meme-gene benzeşiminin.

Machine by Susan Blackmore's book önsözümde Meadow, used to make an origami sailboat method mentioned China. This is the thirty-two-fold (or similar) is quite complicated process that requires a recipe. The result is (junk) is an object and a nice 'embriyolojisini' (draft stages), indicating that it is the intermediate stage three (namely, 'catamaran', 'two clamshell box' and 'drawing the skeleton'). All this action figure to me is really changing the lining of an embryo and neurula'ya blastula'dan gastrula'ya. reminiscent of the passage of (folding and creation stages of the pit). Yaşlardayken child my father learned to do junk. My father was adopted in the same boarding school yaşlardayken this ability. In his time, starting with a headmistress of a measles epidemic, just like junk to school craze spread, and then disappeared again, just like a measles epidemic. Twenty-six years later, the headmistress had passed all those years of separation, I also enrolled in school. I started again, and again in another fashion, such as measles outbreak has spread, and again disappeared. It spread like a disease epidemic such as the skills taught to us gives you an idea of memetic delivering precise as to the accuracy. My father's generation of 1920s children's sailboats, sailboats in the 1950s that my generation can be sure that there is a difference between the terms of general features.

The following experiment will examine this phenomenon more systematically: children's game of Chinese Fiskos'un (American children to the same game phone call), an adaptation. Never before has a Chinese junk and get two hundred twenty teams of ten people who take it. Around a table, call the leaders of these two teams and teach them practical to sail in China. Then the second person to the leaders of their teams, others are in the safest manner, though in practice teach in China to make sail. Then, every second 'generation' people, you teach your team to a third party and let this process continue until each individual of the team's tenth. Get all the sails and then you make the thumbnail to check what team and what 'generation' into the figures indicating that they belong to.

In this experiment, I gerçekleştirmedim yet (I want to do this), but there are estimates about the results is quite strong. Educated guess, it will not be able to spend up to twenty members of the team's all this skill, but a significant number of the tenth team will achieve this. Errors will occur in some of the teams: a weak, perhaps in the chain ring, the directive is a very important step, and then everyone will forget the error will decrease. Perhaps the No. 4 team 'katamarana' future, but until then bocalayacak immediately. Perhaps 13 of the eighth member of the team's two clamshell box 'and' drawing iskeleti'nde a 'change' which will cause the ninth and tenth member of the team changed the type to copy.

Now, this is the tenth generation, the successful transfer of the skill of the teams in the future for the team will do an estimate. If the sails 'zones' according to the sort, the number of generations will not see a systematic quality impairment. On the other hand, if all sides in the same boat, but not transferred to origami skills as a copy of a sketch that you want to do an experiment, 1 10th generation Succession until the 'survivors' for example, is absolutely accurate to detect systematic distortions.

Try sketching adaptation, all 10 Generation sketches 1 Generation eskizlerle show some small similarities. And within each team, made their way to the next generations of similarity, an irregular istikrarlılıkla deteriorate. Try origami adaptation, in contrast, errors will be all or nothing: they are 'digital' changes in. Average error to lack a team sailing the tenth generation, nor the fifth or worse than the first generation sailboat, what would be better, or the generations, one in a 'change' will emerge from the back of the wrong generation to generation because of all the efforts from top to bottom followers, this change would be a fiasco while maintaining commitment in general.

What is the major difference between these two skills? Origami series of action consists of discrete skills, each one of these actions in the fulfillment of their own is simple. Most transactions are as follows, 'both sides fold toward the center. " Team member can perform a particular step, but whatever it is awkwardly to the next member of the team will try to produce what is clear. Origami steps' personal standardization. " Them 'digital' That is what makes. Örneğimdeki as a master carpenter, the master board to flatten the nail head hammer blows without taking into consideration the details of the purpose very clear to his apprentice. An origami right or wrong recipe or learn a particular step. Ability to sketch, by contrast, is an analog skill. Everyone can be successful, but some copies of a sketch than others and no one can accurately reproduce perfectly. The accuracy of the copy depends on the amount of time spent and care, and they continuously changing quantities.Moreover, some team members directly instead of copying the example sketch beautiful and 'develops. "

Keyword (bilindiklerinde at least), just like origami operations' personal standardization. " The original game of Chinese Fiskos (ear ear) is the first child's mind and to put a story to the next child's name or an expression that you want to transfer the third child and the chain continues. If the sentence or phrase consists of six or seven words in the language of all children and the right to remain unchanged for ten generations there is a chance. If an unusual foreign dildense, rather than duplicate the phonetic word for word as children are required to take an example, and this message can not stay right. Degradation and change are the same as an example for generations to sketch. If you have a meaning of the message of children's native language and the 'alleP or' phenotype 'does not include such unusual words, the right remains. Instead of imitating the sounds phonetically, every word, every child will be distinguished as a limited vocabulary items and weeding out the same word (selection), while the transition from children even pronounce the words most likely to be different despite aksanlarla. Curved lines on paper, because the personal standardize the written language, no matter how different is the end of each detail to obtain an alphabet, for example, a 26-letter alphabet.

Depending on the process of standardization of semen personal sometimes exhibit very precise accuracy is sufficient to meet the objections of some common meme from gene simulation. Whatever, the main purpose of the development of meme theory start this time, Watson-Crick genetics equivalent to support the theory of a civilization is not clear. Memleri defending the first goal, in fact, the Darwinian explanation of the gene is a single counter-attack to make an impression, an impression of selfish gene spread. Peter Richerson and Robert Boyd, 'meme' to present and express the reasons for benimsenmemesi word instead of 'cultural variables' in spite of yeğlemelerine, thoughtful and valuable books, Note by Genes Alone (Not Just Genes thanks to) emphasize the importance of the topic. Stephen Shennan'ın Genes Memler and History of Humanity, an excellent book written by Boyd and Richerson'ın previously was inspired by the Civilization and Evolutionary Süreç'ten. Examples of other books dealing with Memleri Robert Aunger'in Electric Mem, Kate and Richard Brodie'nin Mental Virus Distin'in selfish meme: ir Bilimi'd Modern Mem.

However, more advanced than others with the meme machine meme theory Blackmore'dur Susan's book. A world full of brains and the brains to occupy in the eyes of many times to revive the hustle kakışan memleri (or other container or transport routes, such as computers or radio frequency bands.) Genes in a gene pool, as well as memler will rule themselves better than copying will. This is because, just as clearly attracting some people, such as physical and motor immortality, that they are successful in winning the copied memlerin a spontaneous charm. Or in this cause, meme pool may already be in number will grow in the presence of fazlalaşmış other memlerin. This is a complex memler or 'mempleksleri' gives birth. Memlerde, as in any sense we can return to the source of genetic simulation.

To provide a more descriptive explanation of units of genes isolated from each other as the thought of moving independently. But of course, are not independent from each other in two ways, and this manifests itself. First, genes, chromosomes, and thus are in a linear fit, as it travels through the generations kromozomsal areas adjacent to the road are occupied with other genes. We doctors call this type of joint on a link and because of this issue in more uzatmayacağım memlerin chromosomes, genes, alleles, or no sexual combinations. Genes are not independent of the other opinion is very different from the genetic link, and at this point there is a strong memetic analogy. This situation is related embriyolojiyle genetics, which is completely different (this is often misunderstood element). Bodies of the puzzles is not a phenotypic mosaic pieces, each piece has a different share of the gene. Genes are units of behavior or anatomy or no affinity between the literal.Genes, developmental processes, scheduling hundreds of other genes, resulting in a body of 'cooperation' do, just like cooking a meal in the process of terminating cooperation, such as the words describe. The word does not correspond to each dish recipe lokmalarına different.

This means that genes that are grouped together to build their bodies, and this is one of embiryolojinin the most important principles. Natural selection of gene clusters, a kind of alternative sets seçilimiyle support group say that attractive. This şaşkınlıktır. In fact, a large part of the environment of other genes in the gene pool and the environment suffered by each gene, allele gene selection in the face. Because every gene in the presence of other genes are extracted to be successful (which is left out in the same way others) comes to the surface for working with sets of genes. Here is a similar situation in a planned economy to a market place are very independent. In this market there is space for a butcher and a baker, a candlestick maker, perhaps for a small space. This event helped butcher + bakers + candlestick maker in the company is different from having a central planner. United by an invisible hand, cooperation based on our understanding of the functioning of clusters, and we will memler opinion of a religious foundation.

Different types of gene clusters occurs in different gene pools. Carnivore gene pools, the perception of prey determine the organs, and claws to capture prey, the dog's teeth, meat and other digestive enzyme genes of programming includes many different genes, each gene is set perfectly to collaborate with others. On the other hand, herbivore gene pools, the mutual solidarity with each other in various gene sequences are supported. Phenotype of a gene, supporting the idea of the direction of the suitability of the environment that the species are familiar to the ears: the desert, woodland, or like that. Here, I want to specify a point, this gene is also in conformity with their own gene pool to support other genes. A gene is a herbivore carnivore and herbivore gene pool can not stay right in the gene pool of a carnivore. A gene's long-term perspective, the species gene pool (genes involved in sexual and re-involved with the production series) of each gene in the genetic region in co-operation creates the capacity to shake out. Mem pools and structure of the gene pool than the erratic, though, is still a mempleksteki each memi 'environment' is an important part of the talk about a meme pool.

One mempleks, although not necessary to be successful in staying in the right of the other members mempleksteki memler successfully surviving a series. The details of the evolution of the previous section, a kind of language indicated that natural selection was not sure it is supported. The evolution of the language according to a random sürüklenmeyle Varsayımıma prevailed. Some famous and consonants to be more successful than others and therefore Swiss alpine landscape, the typical sounds of Tibetan dialects and Ant Mountain to take form, they meet some other voices to whisper in the Pygmy and the Amazon jungles of common characteristics of the languages of the opinion that is quite reasonable. However, given the language of natural seçilimiyle sample (must be a description of the older celebrities Değişimi'nin functional theory) is not the same kind. Rather, in mutual harmony memplekslere memlerle relates to compliance. First, a celebrity changed for unknown reasons, perhaps a popular or powerful individuals were imitated, for example, lisp style of Spanish origin, as alleged. Trifle older than how he started the famous Changes required: According to this theory, to reduce the uncertainty with a change of celebrities, other celebrities were also to be changed, and this will continue in phases. In the second step of the process, memler existing meme pools are extracted based on history and therefore of a new mempleks memlerden develop mutually compatible.

Memetic theory of religion until the end, will talk about bilgiliyiz. Some religious views, just like some of the genes, with only süregelir utility. This memler memleri around them without taking into consideration any other meme pool survive. (The following is a very important issue yinelemeliyim 'utility' of the word here means only 'ability to survive in the pool. "Furthermore, there is a provision.) Some religious views because of the meme pool number fazlalaşmış other memlerle uyumluluklarından, as part of a mempleksin right remain. The following partial list, or mere 'utility' for their right to remain or to be compatible with existing mempleksle may be possible to have religious memler:

• You will continue to live after death.
• If you if you fall a martyr in the war, especially a beautiful part of heaven where you are going to enjoy seventy-two bakireyle çatacaksınız (Think about the poor state of virgins.)
• infidels, küfürbazlar killed and changed their religion (or punished, for example, whether in exile, avoiding interviews with their families.)
• I believe merits of God exalted. If you feel bocaladığını belief, hard to repair it plays, and beg God to help me in disbelief. (Pascal Riski'nden one of us wants to talk about these ruhaf sanıdan of God not only to believe that I mentioned. That moment nitelemiştim it as a fad. Now we have a concrete explanation.)
• Faith (kanıtsız belief) is a virtue. If your beliefs against evidence-how, he dramatically erdemlisinizdir. Without the need for logic and evidence, really strange, unfounded and believing in something that seems unbearable, especially believers manage to master very well rewarded
• Everyone, even non-religious beliefs, even if it is a riayetle üstatlara involuntary and unquestioned respect the maximum level (I have seen in Section l)
• There are some mysterious things that (the Holy Trinity, conversion, incarnation, etc.) intend to understand them. Do not try to figure out even one of them, because this could damage esrarengizliğine venture. They learn ways of being satisfied, saying the mystery.
• Welcome to the music, art and inscriptions of religious icons are copied ideas.

Values of some of the titles listed above are probably the absolute right to remain and in any gelişeceklerdir mempleks. However, the genes, as well as some other memlerin memler just right is based on the appropriate floor and leads to the emergence of alternative memplekslerin. Two different religions can be seen as two different mempleks. Perhaps the combination of a gene Islamic carnivorous, herbivorous composition is similar to Buddhism. A religion, in every sense, a religion other than the 'good' genes in the herbivorous carnivores such as the opinion of the genes are not more 'good' is not. Memlerin religious right to stay in this type of compliance is not mandatory for any pure, however, they belong in terms of religion are fine, but other religions thrive among other memlerinin memlerinin not show the same success. According to this example, Roman Catholicism and Islam are not necessarily designed by discrete individuals but also between the developed memlerin memlerinin mempleksin other, independently evolved as an alternative to the collections.

Edited by regularly listens to the people: priests, bishops, rabbis, imams and ayatollahs. However, on Martin Luther Returning again mentioned the subject, designed by the people of these religions do not imply the expression. Religions used for the benefit of influential individuals and made them play, though, is quite possible that the detailed structure of each religion is largely shaped by unconscious evolution. Uyuşmazlığına rapid evolution of religions and offers a description of the genetic natural selection is not very heavy. Rumors in the light of the role of genetic natural selection, the brain, the brain is to meet the preferences and trends; hardware platform and the low-level system software (hardware, software), which forms the basis for memetic selection. This ground is selected, a kind of memetic natural selection, a description of certain religions sunabilirmiş detailed evolution seems plausible. The first stages of the evolution of a religion, a religion in order before it acquires, the advantage of simple and easy memler human psychology based on the universal right they remain çekiciliklerinin. At this point, the psychological by-product theory of religious meme theory and religion overlap. The next steps, religion, organized, detailed and arbitrary as the other religions in a different state receives adequate theory of mempleks be placed on the table, a set of mutually compatible memler. This does not disqualify the role of pastors and others added by the deliberate falsification. Religions likely, at least in part, intelligently designed, just like the art style and fashions.

Almost ingenious in its entirety, but I think this is an exception Scientology'dir1 other religion. In theory, the other candidate is a religion designed, Mormonizm'dir.Joseph Smith, Mormonizm'in entrepreneur, the inventor of a liar, a completely new one after the holy book does not put its best to pick up, the Book of Mormon, a false bottom and the beginning of American history tells the seventeenth-century English, written down a fake. However Mormonizm after production in the nineteenth century had begun to evolve and now has become one of America's most influential religion in fact is the fastest growing religion, and even presidential candidates insist that becomes subject to election speeches.

Many religions evolve. Adopt adopt the theory of religious evolution which, under the right conditions, the process of religious evolution should be sufficient to explain the surprising speed. Now look at an example of this.