"EVOLUTIONARY TEODİSE"

Arms race 
and 
 EYE AND NEURAL, sperm ducts, sinuses, and the ridges, in terms of individual peace of mind, have a poor design, but this is quite significant defects were examined in the light of evolution. The same applies to the nature of the larger economy. An intelligent designer is not only animal and plant bodies of individuals, species and ecosystems as a whole is expected to be designed. Nature's economy continues in a planned, carefully designed to eliminate waste and that umulabilir müsrifliği. And this section will show that it is not. 


SOLAR ECONOMY 
Nature's economy is based on solar energy. Photons from the sun falls on the entire surface of the planet living in the day. Most photon heats a beach or a rock does not make a more useful job. A few find the correct path in a review, this is your or my eyes, compound eyes of a shrimp or a sea comb parabolic reflector can be the eyes. Some of them may fall by chance on a solar panel, or a conservationism instant love for me recently during the crisis of man-made bath water heating, such as those for the çatıma ettirdiğim mounted, or the nature of solar panels on the leaves. Plants solar energy "uphill" to accomplish by using chemical synthesis, especially of sugar to produce organic fuels. "Uphill", the energy needed for the realization of the synthesis of sugar means. The same logic, useful in a job later on sugar, for example, muscle strength or enlarge them to be used in a large tree trunk, the energy of (a certain part of it), releasing "downhill" reaction with a "burnable". "Downhill" and "uphill" simulation, High in business to make a poured from a tank of water that returns to water wheels, or water wheels, then down again to return so the water dökülebilsin, High in the water tank, pumping simulation-you know the energy expended. Whether it be uphill or down, a small amount of energy is lost every step of the energy economy, no exchange of energy is not fully productive. That's why the patent offices, design review, even circulating machines: these machines has been undertaken forever impossible. Downhill from the return of the water wheel of energy, it never returns the same amount again as the cycle of water use to pump water up. To compensate for casualties, the energy required to feed the outside and the sun every time the system is engaged at this point. Section 13 will return to this important topic. 


Many of Earth's terrestrial surface, the green leaves are covered with multi-layer photon catchers. If a photon, yakalanmamışsa by a leaf, a leaf by following the capture of other very likely. Frequently in a forest, very few photons can achieve to reach the ground without getting caught, which greatly improved the forests to walk the reason being the dark places. Share our planet which constitute most of the sun's rays fall into the water and the surface layers of the seas teemed with them, capturing the single-celled green plants. Whether on land or at sea, the energy-consuming "uphill" chemical reactions to capture photons, such as sugar and starch production of energy-storing molecules that perform the chemical process called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is one of a billion years ago, was invented by bacteria, green bacteria, now lies under most of the photosynthesis. I can say this, because the chloroplasts (originally the work of all the small and green leaf photosynthesis photosynthesis engines) torunlarıdırlar themselves directly to the green bacteria. Indeed, plant cells, bacteria, similar methods are still considering their own üreyebiliyor, although the colors of the leaves their home to them even if they are excessively dependent rightly say that they are still bacteria. It seems that the original free-living bacteria are green, now they are in the plant chloroplast he hücrelerince evrilecekleri isimlendirdiğimiz states were located in extortion. 


Just as the chemistry of life, mostly uphill, such as plant cells are administered by the bacteria in the green, the chemistry of metabolism in the downhill (both animal and plant cells to release energy slowly, the burning of sugar and other fuels), the once free-living, but now larger in cells realized by the fact that expertise in another class of bacteria isolated mitochondria nicely symmetrical. Offspring derived from different bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts, both in their chemical complementary skills that can be seen with the naked eye the existence of any living organism to have formed billions of years ago. Both were later included into the cells for chemical capabilities, and today, our eyes can see and touch the creatures as large as the liquid content is too large and complex cells (plant chloroplasts, mitochondria, plant and animal cells) çoğalmaktadırlar. 


Solar energy captured by chloroplasts in plants, form the basis of complex food chains. Food chains, otçullara power plants (which can be bugs), otçullardan carnivora (which may or insects or insect eaters, such as wolves and leopards can be), carnivora, such as vultures or leşçillere beetle shit, and eventually transferred to rot, such as bacteria and fungi. This is a part of the food chain of energy as heat during each stage in yitirilirken transitions, some have been used in biological processes such as muscle contraction. After the initial entry is not added a new energy from the sun. The deep ocean, "smokers" volcanic energy sources, such as providing interesting, but a few minor exceptions, all of life, continued energy comes ultimately from sunlight stored by plants. 


Haughtily standing alone in a clearing in the middle of a long look for the tree. Why so long? Not to be closer to the sun! That long body, to be spread over the upper part of the tree, without any loss of photons and cost savings by providing a large kısaltılabilirdi. To upgrade to the top of the tree to the sky So why all this cost? Such a tree in a forest habitat till you realize that our mind will not respond. The trees, their species and other species of trees competing for the top uzundurlar overcome. Or a clearing in the garden, do not be surprised if you see a tree leafy branches extending from the ground up. That is the case for the tree clearing, or in the garden. I observe in their natural habitat is frequently outside of a forest. Most of the branches and leaves of a forest tree normally at the top of the tree, all the photon carries the burden of rain will be near the fringes of the bare stems and long. Here is a strange idea to you now. If all the trees in a forest, say, more than three feet of büyümeyeceklerine varabilseydiler an agreement (a union competition, such as prohibiting agreements to do), this situation would have the benefit of everyone. All of the community and the ecosystem, it is very long and expensive wood used in creating bodies and would provide benefits in energy savings will be. 


Such well-known difficulty of mutual restraint agreements sokmaktaki force, (as a potential predictive ability can enter into) this is the case even in human affairs. One the match, for example, sitting rather than standing watching a horse race is a familiar example of a deal. If everyone is seated, tall people (just like everyone would be standing) short people will have a better viewing angle but at least everyone will be sitting comfortably in place. The problem is, short of sitting behind a long one, lifted up and starts to look better. Completely closed in the opinion of the person sitting behind him and immediately got up to see the race. Everybody stand up, stand up to shield the wave spreads all the bleachers. As a result, everyone would have been a worse situation than the situation they are sitting. 


A typical advanced forest fringes, a lawn can be considered as celestial, just a rolling meadow land, such as elevated above the columns. Fringes of the solar energy, will gather at the same rate topladığıyla meadow land. However, substantial amount of energy, "Lawn" on the ground with less cost than if the same amount of photons toplayabilecekken suspended in the air without the benefit of keeping the columns of another feeding "will be wasted." 


This is also designed us with an economy facing makes the difference between an evolutionary economics. Designed in an economy would not have any trees or no trees would not be long; forests, would not have fringes. Trees matter. The trees are wasteful. Tree trunks in a futile works of the competition; futile considering the context of a planned economy. However, the planned economy is not natural. Plant individuals, and the result is the same or different types of gradually extending compete with other plants, would recommend to any designer's plants are much more prolonged. However, this is not an infinite extension. At one point, a few centimeters more elongate (although the competitive advantage sağlayacaksa) would be so costly that the tree, that extra length of its competitors do not make the situation worse than the fall. The result determines the height of trees, individual trees in the balance of costs and benefits, as a logical group of designer-defined by Beck benefits not account for the trees. Of course, the balance, the peak point to a different result in different forests. Pacific Coast sekoyaların (See them before you die) probably never aşılmamıştır lengths. 


Imagine a hypothetical outcome of the forest (the forest Friendship Forest, come on let's say). Forest of Friendship is a mysterious deal with all the fringes of all the trees in a way whether they have managed to download the desired height of three meters. Ormanımızın canopy, instead of thirty meters, three meters above the ordinary except that it look like a forest saçağına. From the perspective of a planned economy, as the Friendship Forest, forest, sources familiar because it is more efficient than the long tree-lined forests, but to compete with other trees do not serve a purpose to create a huge harcanmamaktadır bodies. 


But now in the middle of Friendship Forest, had a mutation of a tree appearing suppose. This tree spoilsport "agreed" with the standard a little more uzasın three meters. The mutated, this tree will get an immediate competitive advantage. Of course, extra long body of the man that has to pay the piper. But all the other trees that require self-sacrifice as long as they comply with this rule, these costs will remain camel ear, because the extra photons obtained, more than the cost of the extension will cover the body. Therefore, natural selection, whether self-sacrifice violated the rule that requires a little more (for example 3.5 meters) of the genetic predisposition to support growth. Over generations, more and more tree length embargo gonna blow it. Finally, all the trees in the forest would be 3.5 meters, and all will be worse than they are earlier than one, all of them will pay the cost of the extra body. But even though they pay a value of the photon will not receive more than ever before. Natural selection, for example, now the trees will support tends to be four feet. The longer such that the trees will be longer. The never ending climb toward the sun Is this futile? Why trees, two kilometers long, or long tale NOT bean pole? Limit, the marginal cost of a few centimeters, more presumably, he won uzamayla photons to outweigh the extra height. 


During this argument, we talked on the individual benefits and costs. If the forest had been designed by considering the economy as a whole seemed very different. In fact, what we observe in nature, individuals have equaled their opponents their own species or other type of supporting a forest tree species have evolved by natural selection. Everything about trees, their design is compatible with the view that there is, of course, if you provide us with firewood or look really good for our eyes or our machinery in New England in the autumn photo tasarlanmadılarsa. Inanlarla History is full of it. This is not very clear why a similar benefit of humanity, come on Let's take an example, the arms race between prey and predators. 


WHERE TO STAY THE SAME run for 


Mammalian species belonging to five of the fastest runner, cheetah, fork-horned antelope (Africa's "real" antiloplarıyla often closely related, but not in America "antelope" is referred to as), gnu (or South African antelope, many others look like a real antiloptur), a lion and the gazelle in East Africa (and indeed this is a real antiloptur antiloba similar, but smaller than a standard). Please note that this list of first-class runners and consists of a mixture of hunting and hunters who would like to emphasize my point is that it is not a coincidence. 


Mile per hour speed of cheetahs Primary School which is said to be also seen in three seconds, the Ferrari, Porsche or Tesla-class performance. Lions also have a frightening pace, with even more durability and have the ability to change direction suddenly accelerated ceylanlardan even better. Cats are usually given conditions of a short distance and pounce on prey caught unprepared yapıdadırlar appropriate, such as the African wild dog or wolf dogs to consume the power of endurance and prey characteristics stand out. Gazelles and other antelopes, and therefore have to deal with both the type of fighter are likely to make sacrifices. Their acceleration is not as good as big kedilerinki but durability is better. A gazelle suddenly changing direction, sometimes stepping eager disrupt, thus the maximum acceleration phase of cheetah crossed the stage of fatigue passes, already thoroughly at least decrease the resistance to postpone until the situation. Cheetah diversionary and acceleration capabilities for trusted, successful cheetah prey usually ends shortly after the start. Failed to prey on cheetah, cheetah after an unsuccessful first run ends early etmesiyle give up to save energy. In other words, it takes all the cheetah catches short! 


High speed and acceleration, endurance and direction changing, confusing and give free long follow-up details. The obvious reality is that both the hunter and the prey includes a list of the fastest animals. Natural selection, the types of prey to catch their prey constantly pushing to become better, pray at the same time avoiding the types of hunting as a continuous push to become better. Hunter and prey, taking place during the evolutionary process are in an evolutionary arms race. The result is animals on both sides, arms race (to steal body parts at the expense of other economies) allocate the amount of economic resources has been increasing on a regular basis. Hunter and prey constantly running better on the other hand (the other side of the surprise, more of them to be cunning, etc.). Donanırlar skills. But developing better hardware to run faster koşulacağı does not mean necessarily the opposite side. The reason for this is simply the other side of the arms race is developing its own hardware: this is a distinctive feature of an arms race. Such as the Red Queen told Alice, koşabildikleri to stay in the same place as fast as you can say you must live for. 


Darwin (not used this phrase) very well aware of the evolutionary arms race. My colleague, John Krebs and I, on the subject in 1979, "arms race" published an article in the phrase British biologist Hugh Cott'a atfettiğimiz. Perhaps in a meaningful way, Cott own book (in animals Chromaticity adaptive) in 1940, while the Second World War, published in full swing: 
    
    Deceptive appearance of a butterfly or a grasshopper before you take forward is unnecessarily detailed, natural enemies of insects have to make sure that the powers of detection and discrimination. Failure to do so, a cruiser's armor is too heavy or too long-range weapons is the nature of the enemy weapons and to claim a similar impact on research. The truth is the forest primeval struggles (also advanced civil wars), the results themselves, in defense, süratlilik, arousal, zırhlılık, dikenlilik, digging behavior, nocturnal behavior, produce toxic secretions and tastes disgusting, camouflaged, aposematik, colors, copycat characteristics, such as impersonation; In the attack, süratlilik, maze, circumvention, to attract, sharp eyes, claws, teeth, needles, poisonous teeth, not camouflaged and captivating colors that impersonation of certain features, such as an evolutionary arms race against nature that we see continuing. Just as the animal's high rate of follow-up as a follower of hızıylaorantılı increasing, in proportion to the development of weapons such as assault or protective armor, hiding in the growing recognition of excellence tertibatındaki evolved in response to power. 
Please note that the evolutionary arms race taking place over time. A cheetah and a gazelle race taking place in real time between individuals should not be confused. Evolutionary at the time the race, a race in real time to develop equipment to be used in races. This is where the real meaning, the opposite side to be smarter or faster equipment, producing genes in the gene pools of both sides biriktiğidir. Secondly (and this is a point of Darwin himself knew very well), the necessary hardware to run faster, but escaped Fighter, a member of its type to be used to its competitors. Quite well known, running shoes and bear the clause expresses this beautifully. Cheetah chasing a gazelle herd, when a gazelle is the slowest member of the flock to run faster than the individual, Starter or may be more important than running fast. 


According to the terminology now we tanıttığıma arms race in the forest of trees you can see that they are in an arms race. Each tree in the woods adjacent to its neighbors to the sun is in a competition. In this competition, especially when an old tree dies saçakta empty space becomes even more rigid. Echo of an old tree fall just waiting for the chance of such a tender for the trees (taking place in real time) started the race gun (though this is a time of advancing more slowly than we are accustomed to animals). Winner probably ancestral evolutionary arms races also took place have been successful with faster and higher, a tree will be equipped with the genes of growth. 


Symmetric arms race between the forest tree species in a race. Each party tries to get the same thing: a place saçakta. An arms race between predators and prey in the asymmetric arms race: an arms race between offensive weapons defense weapons. The same applies to the arms race between parasites and mansions. In fact, a type which may seem surprising that the female and among men, and even between parents and offspring are arms races. 


Arms races, supporters of intelligent design in addition to a worried-rebilecek gereksizliklerle overdose is full of them. If you are a designer eager varsayacaksak, it seems that the designer, the design of each portion of our knowledge, has used to perfect a unique killer. This huge machine running no doubt that it will not be taken in a single glance. Bahsedeceksek design, then, is a great way to kill lions cheetah is designed. But it seems that the same designer, just to escape from these strips with all his strength in order to design a magnificent antelope has tried equipped. God's sake, since from this designer? When you look eager tense muscles and a flexible backbone, the designer eager to win the competition you reach any conclusion. But the gazelle run course, splashing, you will reach a conclusion made by the opposite when you look at çalımlara. I wonder the left hand of the designer's right hand, unaware of what is doing? Otherwise, the designer, who likes sports and show both sides to enhance the thrill of the chase of a sadistic elindekileri constantly increasing? You who made the lamb, Do you? 


Parsla oğlağın lie together, the lion, such as cattle, hay to eat is actually a part of the divine plan? If so, the terrible dog, lion and leopard's teeth, causing murderous claws? The art of breathtaking speed and agility to get rid of antelope and zebra, why? When an evolutionary explanation would come out of such problems are gone it goes without saying. Superior to another because the two sides trying to come to individuals who are successful on both sides, contributing to the success of these genes will transfer automatically to the next generations. "Recruitment of mischief" and "wasted" to appear in your mind because we are human beings and all such ideas, we consider the well-being of the ecosystem. Survival and reproduction of genes kalımını only takes care of the natural seçilimse. 


Just as the trees in the forest. Just as each tree, fruits or leaves the body to allocate resources not available to an economy, as well as cheetahs and gazelles are their own internal economies. Expensive to run faster, not only in terms of energy derived ultimately from the sun, not the acceleration and the acceleration by the infrastructure of muscle, bone and tendons are more expensive in terms of resources needed to do. Vegetable foods consumed is limited to a gazelle. Spent long legs and muscles to run things, such as baby animals normally make to spend resources "would prefer" a different part of life at the expense of kısılmak used. There is a very complex micro-management of Accords. Not know all the details, but part of life too much to spend on a single by depriving other sources, leaving some sections we know that it is possible (this is an inevitable rule of the economy). Running out, more resources than the amount that separates the ideal get away with an individual can recover Fighter. However, in the light of Darwinian interests of this individual, the same species, and a little bit of running faster and thus have waived the right balance in defeat but insisted the risk of more and more to balance the right to transfer genes for tutturmasına grandchildren have been an individual competitor will lose the race. 


Properly balance the need to not only energy and valuable materials. Accounts to be balanced against the risk and risk at the same time, economists are familiar with the concept. Long and thin legs are suitable for fast running. Necessarily, according to break-in victims. Often, the race is a race horse breaks his leg and is usually immediately uyutulur hararetiyle. The reason why so vulnerable as we have seen in Chapter 3, (at the expense of all other things to waive) to be extremely fast that they are improved. Selective for the speed of gazelles and cheetahs suffered ıslaha (naturally, not artificially selected), and if nature had to have them breeding for speed, they are also extremely vulnerable to the horses would be racing against fractures. But nature does not feature over-breeding. Attaches to the balance of nature. The world is full of genes to capture the right balance: This is the reason for being there! In practice, this means during running of the exceptionally long and spindly legs will no doubt develop excellence in genetically prone individuals are less likely than breaking with thick legs a bit slower than running the genes of individuals, on average, less likely to transfers to the next generation. This tradeoff hundreds of animals and plants to balance and reconciliation is only one example. Animals and plants, the risks and compensate the economic ödünleşimleri. Of course, compensation is not themselves members of the fauna and flora. Balanced, relative to the number of genes in gene pools, and this alternative is done by balancing natural selection. 


As expected, the ideal of reconciliation is not fixed a ödümleşimdeki. Ceylanlarda, ödünleşimin between running speed and body economy is an ideal point of the other demands, the environment will vary depending on the prevalence of carnivora. This situation is the same as the state Department 5'deki guppies. If you are hunting around a few gazelles will be shorter leg length is ideal. The most successful individuals, some of them in genes such as energy and material narrowed the legs or make baby fat storage for winter programming will be individuals. They are also less likely to break the legs of the individuals. On the contrary, will increase if the number of hunters, long legs, perfect balance, the risk of fracture and the body more quickly koşmakla unrelated parts of the economy to pull a shift towards less energy and materials. 


It is precisely such calculations, the ideal avcılardaki also compensates Accords. No doubt broke his leg in a cheetah will die of hunger, babies, too. However, depending on how difficult it is to find food, the risk of being unsuccessful in finding enough food runs too slow, too fast to have the necessary equipment to run the risk of breaking his leg may be larger. 


Hunting and hunters, the other one in each, (living in the economy and the risk uzlaşılarında) is an ideal point that he unwittingly forced to change continuously in the same direction towards a more forward are in an arms race. In this direction, such as running speed is true or real sense, the same fold increase, or a different bölümündense of life (eg milk production), fishing / hunting arms race in a broader sense, such as the right to have the same direction. Risks, for example, you run too fast on both sides (broken legs or other areas of economy, cut down the body) is very slow to run the risk (if the hunter hunting yakalayamamak, if you are hunting Fighter kaçamamak) compensation should be, considering the other two sides, a brutal / o / ie a In deux, pushes in the same direction. 


Well, maybe folie (madness) to underestimate the seriousness of the situation, because the death penalty for the failure of both sides, if you are hunting with murder, death due to starvation if the hunter. However, d deux [two people], hunting, and hunters come together and reached an agreement reasonably well captures the feeling would be better for everyone. Just Friendship Forest trees, as if it was possible to provide such an agreement would be easy to see the benefit of both sides of this situation. Çıkanla encountered the same feeling of meaninglessness in the woods, hunting / hunter in the dominant race of armaments. Hunters to catch prey along the evolutionary time heal, which is why they are better in getting rid of catching prey. Both sides in parallel to each other, develop tools for survival, but that does not mean that no party will survive better because the other party has been developing its own hardware. 
On the other hand, considers the welfare of the whole community in a central planner, Friendship Ormanı'ndakine arbitration agreement could not difficult to see a similar manner as follows. Both sides arsenal küçültmekte "Whether to agree," use of resources in other parts of life. In this case, everyone will benefit. Of course, the same can happen in people's arms race. You were not bombers, we need fighters duymazdık. Our füzelerimiz did not exist, you need duymazdınız yours. We both spend half your arsenal will download and billions of pounds profit, the money yatırabilirdik iron plow. Now, according to the weapons we have to balance our budget in half to download a stable, come back in half download. 






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