Mindless DESIGN

Mindless DESIGN 


The best on the eyes of a vertebrate (such as a hawk, or the human eye) is an instrument sensitivity at the enormous, Zeiss or Nikon's stone will bring the best sensitivity was able to get resolutions. If you did not like that, Zeiss and Nikon time, producing high-resolution images for our eyes to look at harcamazlardı wasted. On the other hand, the great German scientist Hermann von Helmholtz in the nineteenth century (it is not wrong to say a physicist, but larger than the contribution of biology and psychology), the right eye, said: "If you sell a device filled with an optically kalksaydı me all these defects, on my own , sharply criticized him for ihmalkârlığından used to see the right to return the product. " The eye, Helmholtz seems to work well for a reason people say about him, the brain, a kind of ultra-advanced, automated program, such as Photoshop, the images in astonishing toparlamasıdır later. The matter optikken, the human eye Zeiss / Nikon quality is only used to read something, reaches the portion of the foveal center of the retina. Crawl up a stage, foveamızı gezdirir on different regions, we see that each one of the extremely high detail and precision, and the brain "Photoshop" us, the whole scene as if the same precision as görüyormuşuz fakes. High-quality Zeiss or Nikon lens, the same definition of a stage show at all really. So, are missing parts of the optics of the eye, brain, their complex image simulation (simulation) software has been compensated. But the most striking flaw optikteki did not talk about yet. Retinal, faces the opposite direction. 
A contemporary Helmholtz'a by an engineer, set up to capture images from the surface directly, the screen is composed of tiny photocells Imagine a digital camera is shown. The camera would make sense to do so. And of course, each photo-cell, a kind of computing device, the cables connecting the images will be edited. That makes sense. Helmholtz göndermezdi this machine back. 
But now you, the eye "photocells," ININ looking backwards, viewed from the opposite direction of the stage positioned Think of what I said. Photocells that connects to the brain "wires" of the retina across the face of prolonged 


Nir, photocells, light beams will be formed before crashing in a heap of cable will have to go through the hood. This is a very unreasonable and illogical that it does not. Photocells being positioned behind one of the consequences of their stone-makta with data cables, pass through the retina to the brain is required gitmelerinin. Vertebrate eyes of the cables, combined with a hole in a particular rush in the retina. This hole is called blind spot is full of nerves, because it is blind, but in reality, this area is quite large "dot" is mild to say, would be more accurate to say a blind zone, again to us that this region of the brain "automatically in Photoshop" software too much discomfort due to does. Once again, send it back, it is not just a bad design, design a complete fool. 
Or not? If you would like that, the eye sees çıkarırdı a lousy job and is not the case. In fact, a very good job. Good job, because the numerous small details set to work to take on the role of natural selection, cleaning, time to reverse the time of placement error of the retina, then, to come, the eyes of a tool that will make high-quality and accurate way restored. This incident reminds me more details regarding the Hubble Space telescope. As you may remember, is thrown into space in 1990, Hubble was found to have a very big flaw. Occurring during the last preparations, calibrated due to a bug that power has not been identified, the main mirror a little bit (but seriously), played around. Is faulty, the difference was in place, then the telescope into orbit. The Bold and the telescope in a creative way, and it sent astronauts were able to wear glasses so to speak. It worked fine after the incident and after the telescope, the other improvements have been made in three different seferle. I want to get my point here is that a major design error (or even a bug that could lead to disaster), the genius and complexity, under the right conditions, the repairs can compensate for the original error can be corrected perfectly. In general, major mutations in evolution, even if they are caused by improvements in the right direction, almost all the time (subsequent) require repairs. Much more coming later, and by natural selection, mutation of the initial rough outline of incelttikleri supported for a cleaning operation in a small mutations require. Although human error can not be accepted in the beginning, and so well görebilmelerinin is why the hawks. Helmholtz again: 
Because of the eye, all kinds of optical defect found in a single tool, even has its own additional few sorry. But that degree has come to overcome all these defects that the presence of defects kaynaldanan image disturbance, (under normal lighting conditions), retinal cones rarely exceeds the size limits imposed by the precision of the senses. But the observations under conditions when we had a little more immediate farldı chromatic aberration, astigmatizmin, blind spots, core shadows, the environment and the imperfect transparency of all the other errors mentioned above we'll get noticed. 
Mindless DESIGN 
This is mentioned, then make up for the repairs of the large pattern of design errors, fully expect that if you really need is a designer. Hubble's mirror spherical aberration can expect errors in such an unfortunate manner, but has been mounted upside down with the obvious, such as retinal salaklıkları wait. Such mistakes are not bad by design, is due to the past. 
Not since an undergraduate student of Professor JDCurrey'den course when I show me one of my favorite examples, laryngeal nerve in back. The laryngeal nerve, cranial (cranial) nerves (the nerves in the brain that is not directly in the spinal cord) is a branch of one. The skull is one of the nerves vagusun (in accordance with the "wanderer" means), two heart, two on each side to handle many of them are in the throat. One of the pharyngeal nerve on both sides of the neck, like a designer would have preferred to follow a route straight, goes directly throat. Other arms of the throat, following the incredibly winding road reaches. Dip in the chest, one of the main arteries (right and left in a different artery, but the principle is the same) circulates around the neck and the right to return to the path continues. 
Considered as the product of a design, a complete disgrace returning larynx nerve. Helmholtz to send it back, eyes that would cause even more. But just as in the eye, when we put aside the design, but instead start to think to take account of history, everything starts making sense. To understand this, go back in time periods that our ancestors have to go fish. The heart of the fish, unlike our four-chambered hearts and blood of the two chambers, called the center of the abdominal aorta in a atardamardan pumps. Abdominal aorta, both on the outgoing six solungaca, (up to) six-arm pair separated. Then the blood, the oxygen-rich connected through gills. After the gills, however, six pairs of blood collected by the blood vessel, called the dorsal aorta and a single large vessel, combine the fish through the middle to the rest of the body is distributed. Six pairs of gill artery, we have fish that are more obvious, segmented body plan of vertebrates is a evidence. A fascinating way, (as shown in detailed anatomy examined) "throat belts" of the human embryo is clearly derived from ancestral gills of this very distinct. Of course they are not the function of gill arches, but the five-week human embryos can be regarded as branchiate little pink fishes. Whale and dolphins, Dugong and why manatilerin again without wondering evrimleştirmediklerini functional gills (once again) can not stop. As with all mammals, the larynx arches, gill with the fact that the pier needed to improve the embryonic structure, should not be that hard to suggest that the gill improvements. I do not know why, but it is a good reason for evrimleştirmedik-URLs and that you or someone that knows how highly I'm sure araştırılacağını. 
Have a segmented body plan of all vertebrates, but (unlike the embryos), this is only mature in mammals, spine and ribs, blood vessels, muscle mass (miyotomların) and all of the nerves, from the front followed by a modular pattern of recurrence in the spine is clearly visible. Bo-lütü each spine (segments), resulting from both sides of the spine, the front of his two major nerve root and stem has increased. These nerves tasks (whatever), mostly, they came out around the spine and perform, but some legs and some arms extends. 








But the plan is followed in the same head segmented (even fish), it is more difficult to distinguish, because the spine segments, as ordered on a regular basis right from start to finish, an evolutionary process, have become embroiled in. Faint traces of head segments to distinguish, in the nineteenth century and the triumph of the twentieth century is one of the heads of comparative anatomy and embryology. For example, such as the jawless lamprey fish (and jawed vertebrates embriyolarındaki) first gill arch, the jaw vertebrates (ie, some of the parasitic lamprey, and all modern vertebrates except fish) corresponds to the chin. 
Insects and other arthropods such as crustaceans to be seen in Section IO also has a segmented body structure. In addition, insect's head, ordered the ancestry of insects, but now the old six-segment contains all of the first show has become embroiled in a similar victory. Insect segmentation (segmentation) and vertebrate bölütlen-leather, as taught in my time from being independent of each other, similar genes, called HOX genes (insects, vertebrates, and these genes are clearly similar in many other animals) by the administration and even the genes edildiğinin At a similar demonstration of chromosomes in konuşlandığının of the twentieth century ends with the triumph of embryology and genetics. I've learned that there was something completely different insect and vertebrate bölütlenmesinin eğitimimdeyken license, my instructors, it was something that none could have imagined this. Animals of different branches (for example, insects and vertebrates) than we thought we always similar. And this is caused by having to share a common ancestor. Hox plan, had a common ancestor of all animals with bilateral symmetry. All animals, we used to be much closer than we thought kuzenlerdir. 
Back to the top of vertebrate. Cranial nerves of the spinal cord nerves, just like the primitive ancestors of a single stem a series of front and back of the front end of the nerves of origin is thought to make up bölütsel. Also göğsümüzdeki major blood vessels, blood vessels, the remains of the once clearly segmented gills serve. Just as the fish head, segmented pattern of the ancestors of the fish to fall apart, as in mammalian breast segmented pattern of ancestral fish gills can say that cluttered. 
Human embryo, the embryo "solungaçlarını" quite similar to the blood vessels that feed and has a ba-lıklarınkine. On both sides, the back pair that connects the aorta (one on each side "gills" for) bölütsel two abdominal aorta with aortic arches are. Most of these segmented blood vessels are destroyed at the end of embryonic development, but the pattern is in adults, embryonic (and also the ancestral) derived from the plan you can see an obvious way. If you look about twenty-six days after fertilization, human embryos, "gills" blood supply, blood supply of the fish solungaçlarına extreme degree of segmented like to see. Later weeks of pregnancy, blood vessels lose their pattern gradually simplified the original symmetry of the baby was born, like the fish is quite different from the symmetry of the human embryo as a regular, based on the left side of the circulatory system becomes more than enough. 
Which of the main atardamarlarımızdan Göğsümüzdeki, which is six-gill vein survivors will not go into intricate details. Returning to understand the history of the larynx sinirlerimizin The only thing we need to know, fish the vagus nerve, supplying the arms, leaving the last three gill and therefore these arms, the back of the gill atardamarının dolaşmasının is that very natural. These arms "Back" There is something, have access to organs as possible targets, the most direct and sensible way. 
However, during mammalian evolution, stretching the neck (neck of the fish there), gills were lost. This is some of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, gills and throat, such as forming part of many has turned into something useful. Throat required to form parts, including parts of this beneficial blood and nerve connections, once the gills have a regular sequence of service provided by the blood vessels and nerves, the evolutionary descendants. Ancestors of mammals, fish ancestors farklılaştıkça evolutionary process, nerves and blood vessels themselves, pushed kakılırken found surprising directions, which quashed their relationships with each other spatially. Vertebrate chest and neck, and serially repeated gills of fish, unlike the neatly symmetrical, has become embroiled in a laryngeal nerves and returning this portion of the body parts has been one of the most çarpıklıktan. 
A textbook of 1986 by Berry and Hallam'a taken a picture on the next page, reveals that the laryngeal nerve devious sharks. Berry and Hallam'ın chosen animal to show in mammals in the winding way (it may be a more striking example?) Zürafaydı. 
One man, travels back to the way the extra laryngeal nerve does not exceed a few desimetreyi. But when it comes to a large adult giraffe in this way, it is no joke, 4.5 meters, you can find! 2009 Darvvin's Day (Darvvin'in 200th birthday) the next day's article, The Royal Veterinary College of London, near the main-tomistler and patalog veterinerlerle comparison, unfortunately, died of a giraffe at the zoo got the privilege of cutting and examining the review. 








This is a memorable day for me and almost surreal experience. Operating Room "Scene, veterinary surgery, followed by the students to sit for hours with the glass of seats separating the large cast, almost like a real theater. The students all day, sit in the darkened theater, watching the scene brilliantly lit, each one (just me and a documentary is being prepared for Channel Four such as shooting for the shooting team) listened to the words that are exerted by the review team using the throat microphone. giraffe furniture's review on the large and sloping, with a pulley and hook a leg in the air will remain vulnerable to the huge neck and was admitted to the bright lights in the future. that the glass giraffe we are located on the whole body, covering the orange outfits and white boots I was instructed to wear tight, which makes a dream-like on a diğeriydi factors. 
Anatomists of the different members of the team, different sections of nerve (near the head portion of the larynx, the back portion close to the heart and other parts in between them) to communicate with each other and each other almost without mania can work without the need, how many returned to the path of the larynx nerve deviates outlines. The anatomists patiently, rotating the entire route of the larynx nerve didiklediler: This is a challenging task, since the Victorian era as far as we know it is doing great since no one has successfully tamamlayamamıştı anatomistlerinden Richard Owen in 1837. The reason is quite thin nerve difficult, even as the turn is passed at the thread (I think it would have to predict no surprise, but still could not see with my eyes) and the nerves, muscles, breathing tube and the membrane surrounding the complex is very easy to lose sight of. During the downward journey of the nerve (the vagus nerve at this point, a large encapsulated), approached to within a few inches from point of the throat. But still, but for the entire length of the neck down after landing and return to the upward climb again. Professor Graham Mitchell, Joy Reidenberg and other experts, giraffe keserkenki very impressed with the skills and (Danvin'in arch-enemy), Richard Owen, with increased respect. However yaradılışçı Owen, failed to see what is obvious. Any intelligent designer, laryngeal nerves, cutting off the start of a downward journey, a few centimeters to several meters indirirdi ride. 
Wasteful use of resources in making this such a long nerve, regardless of the television broadcast via satellite link just as his speech is attached to a foreign journalist, as well as giraffes live and not face delays in the conversation can not get myself to wonder. One of the experts in the field, said: "Good to have developed a throat and the communities they live in, but despite the low moaning and bleating seslendirebilirler giraffes." Stutter to imagine a giraffe is fun, but I will not here. All the main idea of this story is a winding road that shows how far from being a well-designed creatures instance. The question is of great importance for an evolutionary cause of natural selection as an engineer will go back to the drawing board and re-editing tasks in a reasonable way-Digi. In this section, we come face over and over again and tried a variety of ways to answer this question the same question. Laryngeal nerve, the case of the bounce this question, economists "marginal cost" term in the name of the answer they gave. 
Evolutionary giraffe's neck gently tended and in the process, winding road cost (economic cost, or "stuttering" in terms of cost) is gradually increased. Here, emphasis on "gradual" öbeğindedir. Each millimeter increase in the marginal cost is very low. Zu- 






Rafa neck begin to approach the current impressive length, the total cost (hypothetically), descending down the throat nerve fibers, the vagus stack rescue themselves, a small gap between them over the "jump" a mutant of the individual accessing the throat, this mutation-tion had not survived better than its competitors may be nearing a point. However, this "zıplayışı" required to perform the mutation, embryonic development is too large (even the nature of the uprising) would cause a change. Already, this most probably required mutation (in the realization of full-time as needed) family together. Very well could have been even Gerçekleşse disadvantages, because the sensitive and delicate processes occurring during the processes of this is inevitable in any large uprising. Also bring a detour to get rid of the advantages, disadvantages as a result of this down, even if more severe, at any one time compared to existing dolambaçla, dolambaçtaki every millimeter increase in the marginal cost is very low. If you were able to perform "Let's go back to the drawing board" in the form of olacaktıysa better approach, it is an alternative solution, and this small increase in the current dolambaçta a small increase in the marginal cost was very low. I claim that, for the realization of a more elegant solution to a solution, the shortest path to the "great uprising" of the costs were lower. 
All them away from the main opinion. Here the main idea, any laryngeal nerve memelideki returned, indicating that there is good evidence of a designer is that it constitutes. Giraffe from good to extraordinary, this is proof! Giraffe neck and go down and winding up again, resulting in this strange deviation from the long way, and fully expect to complete the evolution by natural selection in an intelligent designer is something beklemeyeceğimiz. 
George C. VVilliams, is one of America's most respected evolutionary biologist (because of the wisdom and hard facial lines, reminiscent of one of America's most respected presidents, and this person, however, recognized the wisdom Darvvin'le Charles was born on the same day). VVilliams, winding, back to the other side of the body in the larynx sinirininkine similar but drew attention to another example. Vas deferens, sperm from testes to the penis with the channel. To do this, the most direct route, the left side of the shape shown in the bottom right of the imaginary route. Fold by the real route of the vas deferens is shown in the right side of the picture. This channel, the channel carrying urine from the bladder to the kidneys in a ridiculously circuitous road tracks circulating around the urethra. If it had been designed, no one could deny that the designer's a bad mistake. However, returning just as laryngeal nerve, when we look at every thing is clear evolutionary history. Testicle- 






rin probable original position shown in dashed lines. The evolution of mammals, the testes (for reasons completely unknown, but is usually associated with temperature) bag-cific current positions once we delve testicle, the vas deferens, urethra, the channel opposite, unfortunately, was hung on him passing by. As an engineer will make any reasonable change of the channel route, rather than simply the evolution has continued to extend the vas deferansı (once again, the long winding road to a small increase in the marginal cost of each was small). This is one more time, instead of drawing board, proper correction, the errors initially telafilerle subsequent correction is a good example. Examples such as this "intelligent design" of course the ground is shifting beneath her feet must be longing tutuşanların flashing. 
The human body, named as the flaws in a sense, but in another sense, the other animals kökenlenen long ancestral past is full of examples like this should be seen as inevitable Accords. Flaws, "Back to the drawing board" is not an option, that is, to achieve improvements, only to be later additions to those already obtained, where available, is inevitable. Jet engine Sir Frank Whittle and the two independent explorer said Dr. Hans von Ohain compelled to comply with a rule it is for-kılsaydı, a jet engine would be nice to have coding 'spread state: "Drawing with a clean sheet to go tahtanıza do not have permission to start working again. The study of a propeller engine You have to start with and adding parts one at a time, screw screws, nails, nail him, "ancestral" propeller engine, "grandchild" convert the jet engine. " Work even worse, every search form to fly and all of a ring in the chain, expected to be developed a little more of himself behind what came before. As can be seen clearly, the result will emerge as a jet engine, the remains of many kinds of the past, will have abnormalities and defects. And all of these defects, to return to the drawing board in accordance with the rule is unfortunate banning of their engineers to do their best, repairs and corrections will result in accumulating burdensome. 
I want to emphasize that I emphasized the point, but a closer look at biological innovations, engine, propeller / jet engine simulation system can bring to mind in a different simulation. An important innovation (for example, our benzeşimimizdeki jet engine), the same job for an old organ (in our example engine, propeller), but in a completely different function, which is quite likely to have evolved in a completely different thing. A good example of this, the fish our ancestors began to breathe the air, (for example, climbing perch, such as air-breathing fish, unlike some modern) has modified to create a not so solungaçlarını liver. Instead of modifying the gut have a pouch. In the meantime, then the true bony fishes (ie sharks and their derivatives, with the exception of fish in almost every encounter), the occasional air-breathing ancestors first evolved into more of the lungs, (solumakla not have nothing to do with) the other is a vital organ which made the air sac. 
Air bladder is a possibility, the main key to the success of the actual bony fishes, and for him to explain the deviation from the subject. This is the desired depth of the fish can be set precisely to keep the hydrostatic equilibrium, an inner air bladder in the gas-filled. If you have played as a child, the Cartesian diver recall the working principle of the air sac in the bony fishes, but it is an interesting version of the actual use. Cartesian diver, a bottle of water balance, plant and equipment, a small, upside-down was a cup of bubble consists of a small toy inside. The number of air molecules in the air bubble is fixed, but you can reduce the volume of the bottle tıkacına press (and the pressure will increase in accordance with this Act). Or you can increase the volume of the air by removing the plug a little bit (and lower bubble pressure). Impact the best, put the following apple cider bottles with screw plugs from the edilirdi fat. Plugs compress or relax, a new submersible hydrostatic equilibrium would move upwards or downwards until you reach the point. Bung (and hence pressure) on the precise settings, by a diver could make to move up or down. 
A fish, a Cartesian Dalgıçtır a thin margin. Air sacs of its "air bubble" in the sac and in the absence of a fixed amount of outside air kabarcığıyla gazdaki molecule works the same way. Fish wants to go to a higher level in the water, the air bladder empties, and so the volume of blood gas molecules increases. Istediğindeyse go down deep, the air bladder and the sac volume of the gas molecules decreases blood draws. The air bladder, the fish, to stay in the desired depth (unlike sharks did) means harcamaması muscle strength. Fish, each at a depth of choice accepted hydrostatic equilibrium. Taking on this task, the air bladder, the muscles will be left free to be used only as a driving force. The other hand, sharks, must swim constantly or sink down (but you need to accept that because it slowly sink tissues, which makes them partially buoyant low-density materials are special). In other words, a lung air sac has been modified. Lung has been modified in an intestinal bladder (as you may think that I am, has been modified is not a gill chamber). In addition, some fish, the air sac is itself a sensory organ (a kind of eardrum) has to be modified. Past, each side of the body, and not just once, many times as is written on parchment is written is written and deleted. 
We land about 400 million years, and this time only the last of hayvanlarıyız back on our feet are walking from warm zone. If 99 percent of the land last time, we had a skeleton more or less horizontal, and were walking on all fours. Individuals walking on its hind legs stand up for the first time we're not sure exactly what that selection has the advantage, and I'll leave this issue aside. Jonathan Kingdon husband wrote a book on this subject (lowly origin) and I also discussed in detail the subject of fathers took Hikâyesi'nde. The first to walk on two legs like a big change occurs may be görünmemiş because chimpanzees, lemurs, some monkeys and an impressive jump of animals are able to make it from time to time.